a) **Factoring** is a financial arrangement where a company sells its accounts receivable (invoices) to a third-party financial institution known as a factor.
The factor purchases the invoices at a discounted rate, providing immediate cash flow to the company. The factor then takes responsibility for collecting the full payment from the customers. Factoring helps businesses manage their cash flow by converting their receivables into immediate funds. For example, a clothing manufacturer may factor its outstanding invoices to a factor, allowing them to receive a portion of the invoice value upfront to cover production costs and fulfill new orders.
b) **Externalities** refer to the unintended or indirect effects of an economic activity on third parties who are not involved in the transaction. These effects can be positive (beneficial) or negative (harmful). For instance, if a factory releases pollutants into the air, causing health problems for nearby residents, it is a negative externality. Conversely, if a company invests in renewable energy and reduces carbon emissions, benefiting the community by improving air quality, it is a positive externality. Externalities can have significant economic and social implications, and policymakers often try to address them through regulations, taxes, subsidies, or other measures.
c) **Optimal Capital Structure** refers to the ideal mix of debt and equity financing that minimizes a company's cost of capital and maximizes its value. It involves determining the right proportion of debt and equity that provides the lowest overall cost of financing while balancing risk and return. The optimal capital structure varies depending on factors such as industry dynamics, company size, profitability, and market conditions. For example, a highly profitable and stable company may have a higher proportion of debt in its capital structure to take advantage of the tax benefits of interest payments, whereas a young and rapidly growing startup may rely more on equity financing to avoid excessive financial risk.
d) **Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)** is a formula used to determine the optimal order quantity for inventory management. It aims to minimize the total cost of ordering and holding inventory by finding the balance between ordering too frequently (incurring high ordering costs) and ordering in large quantities (incurring high holding costs). The EOQ formula considers factors such as demand, ordering costs, holding costs, and lead time. By calculating the EOQ, a company can determine the most cost-efficient quantity to order at each reorder point. For example, a retailer may use the EOQ formula to determine the ideal order quantity for a popular product, taking into account factors such as sales volume, carrying costs, and restocking lead time.
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Raybrooks Co. stock has an annual return mean and standard deviation of 10 percent and 21 percent, respectively. Joi, Inc., stock has an annual return mean and standard deviation of 13 percent and 34 percent, respectively.
Your portfolio allocates equal funds to the Raybrooks Co.and Joi, Inc., stocks.
The return correlation between Raybrooks Co. and Joi, Inc., is -0.2. What is the smallest expected loss, in percentages, for your portfolio in the coming month with a probability of 2.5 percent?
(Note: Use 1.96 as the multiple in your probability statement.)
Smallest expected loss = -40.95%
In order to calculate the smallest expected loss in percentages for a portfolio, we need to calculate the portfolio's standard deviation and expected return.
The formula for the expected return of a portfolio is:
E(Rp) = w1E(R1) + w2E(R2) where E(Rp) is the expected return of the portfolio, w1 and w2 are the weights of stocks 1 and 2 in the portfolio, and E(R1) and E(R2) are the expected returns of stocks 1 and 2.
The formula for the standard deviation of a portfolio is: σp = sqrt(w1²σ1² + w2²σ2² + 2w1w2σ1σ2ρ where σp is the standard deviation of the portfolio, σ1 and σ2 are the standard deviations of stocks 1 and 2, ρ is the correlation between stocks 1 and 2, and w1 and w2 are the weights of stocks 1 and 2 in the portfolio.
Given that Raybrooks Co. stock has an annual return mean and standard deviation of 10% and 21%, respectively, and Joi, Inc., stock has an annual return mean and standard deviation of 13% and 34%, respectively, and the return correlation between Raybrooks Co. and Joi, Inc., is -0.2 and the portfolio allocates equal funds to the Raybrooks Co. and Joi, Inc. stocks. Then, we have:
E(Rp) = 0.5(10%) + 0.5(13%) = 11.5% and
σp = sqrt(0.5²(21%)² + 0.5²(34%)² + 2(0.5)(0.5)(21%)(34%)(-0.2))= 25.98%
We can now calculate the smallest expected loss in percentages for your portfolio in the coming month with a probability of 2.5% as follows:
Smallest expected loss = E(Rp) - zσp= 11.5% - 1.96(25.98%)= -40.95%
Therefore, the smallest expected loss, in percentages, for your portfolio in the coming month with a probability of 2.5% is -40.95%.
Expected return
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which statement below is true regarding requirement gaps for an organization planning to use a new enterprise system?
The following statement is true regarding requirement gaps for an organization planning to use a new enterprise system:c. gaps refer to the disparity between the functionality offered by the new enterprise system and the specific requirements or needs of the organization, which may necessitate customization or additional development.
Regarding the requirement gaps for an organization planning to use a new enterprise system, it is true that requirement gaps refer to the discrepancies or differences between the desired functionality or features of the system and the actual capabilities or specifications of the system. Requirement gaps can arise when the organization's specific needs or requirements are not fully met by the system, leading to gaps or shortcomings in functionality.
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Direct labor variances
Bellingham Company produces a product that requires 3 standard direct labor hours per unit at a standard hourly rate of $20.00 per hour. 15,800 units used 65,400 hours at an hourly rate of $19.25 per hour.
What is the direct labor (a) rate variance, (b) time variance, and (c) cost variance? Round your answers to the nearest dollar. Enter a favorable variance as a negative number using a minus sign and an unfavorable variance as a positive number..
Direct labor variances The direct labor variances include the following:a) Direct Labor Rate Variance:This is the variance that is computed for examining the difference between the actual hourly labor rate paid to the workers and the standard hourly labor rate set by the company.
Direct labor rate variance is computed by multiplying the difference between actual hourly labor rate and the standard hourly labor rate by the actual hours worked.Direct Labor Rate Variance = (AH × AR) - (AH × SR)Where AH = Actual Hours, AR = Actual Rate, and SR = Standard Rateb)
Direct Labor Time Variance = (AH × SR) - (SH × SR)Where AH = Actual Hours and SH = Standard Hoursc) Direct Labor Cost Variance:This variance is computed for analyzing the difference between the actual cost of labor incurred and the standard cost of labor that should have been incurred.
Direct labor cost variance is computed by multiplying the actual hours worked by the difference between the actual hourly labor rate and the standard hourly labor rate.Direct Labor Cost Variance = (AH × AR) - (AH × SR) + (SH × SR).
Where AH = Actual Hours, AR = Actual Rate, and SR = Standard RateNote: A positive value of variance shows an unfavorable variance whereas a negative value of variance shows a favorable variance.
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EPS; convertible bonds; treasury shares (L019-4, 19-5, 19-6, 19-9] At December 31, 2021, the financial statements of Hollingsworth Industries included the following: $540 million $ 350 million Net income for 2021 Bonds payable, 84, convertible into 42 million shares of common stock Shares outstanding on January 1 Treasury shares purchased for cash on September 1 Common stock 500 million 36 million Additional data: The bonds payable were issued at par in 2019. The tax rate for 2021 was 25%. Required: Compute basic and diluted EPS for the year ended December 31, 2021. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round "Earnings per share" answers to 2 decimal places. Enter your answers in millions (i.e., 10,000,000 should be entered as 10).) Earnings per share Basic Numerator 1 Denominator 1 1 = Diluted
The basic EPS for Hollingsworth Industries for the year ended December 31, 2021, is $1.16, and the diluted EPS is $1.07.
To compute the basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for Hollingsworth Industries for the year ended December 31, 2021, we need to calculate the numerator and denominator for each EPS calculation.
First, let's calculate the basic EPS:
Numerator 1: Net income for 2021 = $540 million
Denominator 1: Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Shares outstanding on January 1 = 500 million
Treasury shares purchased on September 1 = 36 million
Weighted average shares = (Shares outstanding on January 1 - Treasury shares purchased on September 1) = (500 million - 36 million) = 464 million
Basic EPS = Numerator 1 ÷ Denominator 1 = $540 million ÷ 464 million = $1.16
Next, let's calculate the diluted EPS considering the convertible bonds:
Denominator 2: Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, assuming the conversion of the convertible bonds
Convertible bonds payable = 84 million
Conversion ratio = Number of shares per bond = 42 million ÷ 84 = 0.5
Potential shares from conversion = Convertible bonds payable × Conversion ratio = 84 million × 0.5 = 42 million
Weighted average shares (diluted) = Weighted average shares (basic) + Potential shares from conversion = 464 million + 42 million = 506 million
Diluted EPS = Numerator 1 ÷ Denominator 2 = $540 million ÷ 506 million = $1.07.
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MacAroni & Cheez, LLP, uses weighted average process costing. Beginning Inventory consists of 1,000 units, with $72,000 in costs carried over from the prior period. All inputs are added simultaneously. They use another $24,000 in the current period to start another 12,000 units, of which 6,000 are completed and transferred out. Ending Inventory is 40% complete. What is the total cost per equivalent unit?
To calculate the total cost per equivalent unit in the weighted average process costing method used by MacAroni & Cheez, LLP, we need to consider the costs carried over, additional costs incurred, units completed and transferred out.
The ending inventory percentage. By performing the necessary calculations, we can determine the total cost per equivalent unit.
Calculate the equivalent units of production:
Units completed and transferred out: 6,000 units
Ending inventory: 40% complete of 12,000 units = 4,800 equivalent units
Total equivalent units = 6,000 units + 4,800 units = 10,800 equivalent units
Calculate the total costs incurred:
Costs carried over: $72,000
Additional costs incurred in the current period: $24,000
Total costs incurred = $72,000 + $24,000 = $96,000
Calculate the total cost per equivalent unit:
Total cost per equivalent unit = Total costs incurred / Total equivalent units
Total cost per equivalent unit = $96,000 / 10,800 equivalent units
Performing the calculations, the total cost per equivalent unit for MacAroni & Cheez, LLP using weighted average process costing is $8.89 per equivalent unit.
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Under a perpetual inventory system, the account to which transportation charges on incoming merchandise is generally entered is:
A. inventory.
B. FOB shipping.
C. delivery expense.
D. FOB destination.
Option A is the correct answer. Under a perpetual inventory system, the account to which transportation charges on incoming merchandise is generally entered is Inventory.
Under a perpetual inventory system, transportation charges on incoming merchandise are generally entered in the account for inventory. This is because transportation charges incurred to bring goods into the company's possession are considered part of the cost of inventory.
When goods are purchased and transported to the company's location, the transportation costs are added to the cost of the inventory. This increases the cost of inventory and is recorded as an increase in the inventory account.
The perpetual inventory system keeps a continuous and up-to-date record of inventory levels and transactions. It requires the recording of each purchase, sale, and inventory adjustment as they occur. As part of this system, transportation charges are directly added to the inventory cost to reflect the total cost of acquiring the goods.
The other options, such as FOB shipping, delivery expense, and FOB destination, are related to different terms and expenses associated with the shipment of goods but do not specifically address the entry of transportation charges in the accounting records under a perpetual inventory system.
Under a perpetual inventory system, transportation charges on incoming merchandise are entered in the account for inventory. This allows for the accurate tracking and inclusion of transportation costs in the cost of inventory, reflecting the total cost of acquiring the goods.
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hello I hope are you doing well
please I need the answers asap
Q1: How does business analytics Strategy contribute to Governmental
Organizations' performance and business value? Use A resource-based
v
Business analytics strategy in governmental organizations enhances performance by providing data-driven insights for informed decision-making, resource optimization, service delivery improvement, performance monitoring, and predictive capabilities, resulting in increased efficiency and effectiveness, and ultimately adding business value.
Business analytics strategy plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance and business value of governmental organizations.
By leveraging data-driven insights and advanced analytics techniques, governmental organizations can make informed decisions and drive effective strategies. Here are some key contributions of business analytics strategy:
1. Informed Decision-Making: Business analytics provides governmental organizations with valuable insights into their operations, services, and policies.
By analyzing data from various sources, such as citizen feedback, economic indicators, and social trends, decision-makers can make evidence-based decisions, leading to more efficient and effective governance.
2. Enhanced Service Delivery: Governmental organizations can leverage business analytics to identify areas for improvement in service delivery.
By analyzing data on citizen needs, preferences, and usage patterns, they can tailor their services to better meet the demands of the population. This leads to improved citizen satisfaction and increased trust in the government.
3. Resource Optimization: Business analytics enables governmental organizations to optimize the allocation of resources.
By analyzing data on budgetary constraints, program outcomes, and resource utilization, organizations can identify areas of inefficiency and reallocate resources accordingly.
This leads to cost savings, improved program effectiveness, and better utilization of taxpayer funds.
4. Performance Monitoring: Business analytics enables governmental organizations to track and monitor key performance indicators (KPIs).
By analyzing data on various performance metrics, such as service quality, compliance, and citizen engagement, organizations can identify areas of success and areas needing improvement.
This allows for continuous performance monitoring and the ability to take timely corrective actions.
5. Predictive Insights: Business analytics also empowers governmental organizations with predictive capabilities.
By analyzing historical data and employing predictive models, organizations can forecast future trends, anticipate citizen needs, and proactively address potential challenges.
This proactive approach helps in better planning and policy-making, leading to improved outcomes.
Overall, the adoption of business analytics strategy enables governmental organizations to harness the power of data to drive performance improvements, optimize resource allocation, enhance service delivery, and make evidence-based decisions.
This ultimately contributes to improved efficiency, effectiveness, and business value for governmental organizations and the communities they serve.
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An asset (not an automobile) put in service in June 2021 has a depreciable basis of $1,065,000, a recovery period of 5 years, and is the only asset placed in service during the year. Assuming bonus depreciation is used, a half-year convention, and the expensing election is made, what is the maximum amount of cost that can be deducted in 2021 (assume no income limitation)?
a. $1,065,000
b. $211,000
c. $500,000
d. $1,050,000
e. $1,040,000
The maximum amount of cost that can be deducted in 2021 for the asset put in service is $1,040,000 (Option e).
In this scenario, the asset put in service has a depreciable basis of $1,065,000 and is eligible for bonus depreciation. Bonus depreciation allows for the immediate expensing of a certain percentage of the asset's cost.
For assets placed in service in 2021, the expensing election allows for the deduction of 100% of the cost of the asset using bonus depreciation. This means that the full depreciable basis of $1,065,000 can be deducted in the year it was placed in service.
However, a half-year convention is applied, which means that only half of the annual depreciation is allowed for the year the asset is placed in service.
Calculating the maximum amount of cost that can be deducted:
=depreciable basis * bonus depreciation * 50%.
=$1,065,000 * 100%* 50%
= $1,040,000
Hence, the maximum amount of cost that can be deducted in 2021 for the asset put in service is $1,040,000 (Option e).
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if consumers view diet pepsi and diet coke as substitutes, what would happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of diet coke if the price of diet pepsi rises?
If the consumers view Diet Pepsi and Diet Coke as substitutes and if the price of Diet Pepsi rises, the equilibrium price and quantity of Diet Coke will increase as well. This can be explained with the help of the concept of cross-elasticity of demand.
Cross elasticity of demand is the measure of the responsiveness of the demand for one good to the change in the price of another good. If the cross elasticity of demand is positive, the two goods are substitutes and a change in the price of one good will affect the demand for the other good. In this case, if consumers view Diet Pepsi and Diet Coke as substitutes, an increase in the price of Diet Pepsi will result in an increase in the demand for Diet Coke. This will lead to an increase in the equilibrium price and quantity of Diet Coke. The equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity demanded of a good is equal to the quantity supplied. When the price of Diet Pepsi rises, the demand for Diet Coke will increase as consumers switch to the cheaper alternative. This will cause the quantity demanded of Diet Coke to increase, resulting in a shortage of the original price. To restore equilibrium, the price of Diet Coke will increase to the new equilibrium level where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. Therefore, the equilibrium price and quantity of Diet Coke will increase if the price of Diet Pepsi rises.
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Sally receives cash of $24,000 and a piece of land with a fair market value of $85,000 (adjusted basis of $60,000) in a current distribution. Her basis in his partnership interest is $20,000 before the distribution. Answer the following question and show your calculations.
What amount of gain must Sally recognize as a result of the current distribution?
What amount of gain must the partnership recognize as a result of the distribution?
What is Sally’s basis in his partnership interest immediately after the distribution?
1) Sally must recognize a gain of $29,000.
2) The partnership does not recognize any gain.
3) Sally's basis in her partnership interest immediately after the distribution is $0.
1. Gain Sally Must Recognize:
Fair Market Value of Land: $85,000
Cash Received: $24,000
Total FMV of Distributed Assets: $85,000 + $24,000 = $109,000
Adjusted Basis of Distributed Assets: $60,000 + $20,000 (her basis in partnership interest) = $80,000
Gain Recognized = Total FMV - Adjusted Basis
= $109,000 - $80,000
= $29,000
2. Gain the Partnership Must Recognize:
The partnership doesn't recognize any gain when distributing property to a partner. The gain or loss is usually recognized by the partner receiving the property. Partnerships are generally considered pass-through entities, which means that gains and losses flow through to the partners rather than being recognized at the partnership level.
3. Sally's Basis in Partnership Interest after Distribution:
Sally's basis in the partnership interest after the distribution can be calculated by subtracting the gain recognized from her basis before the distribution.
Basis Before Distribution: $20,000
Gain Recognized: $29,000
Basis After Distribution = Basis Before Distribution - Gain Recognized
= $20,000 - $29,000
= -$9,000
However, a partner's basis cannot go below zero. In this case, since the calculated basis is negative, Sally's basis in her partnership interest would be zero.
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East Asian economic growth received a widespread international attention in the 1980 s and early 1990 s as the World Bank and major news media coined the terms such as the 'Asian Miracle' and 'Four Asian Tigers' (also known as 'Four Asian Dragons') to refer to Asia's several 'Newly Industrialized Economies'. These terms are now outdated but knowing the background is still at the core of Asian growth experiences, now expanded to include other countries in the region (most notably China). Which economies did they mean to comprise the 'Four Asian Tigers' and what was special about their growth performance? Do you see any common characteristics in terms of political and economic system, history, geography, and culture among them?
The 'Four Asian Tigers' refer to the highly successful East Asian economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. These economies experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization during the 20th century, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. Here are some key characteristics and factors that contributed to their remarkable growth:
1. Export-Oriented Development: The Four Asian Tigers adopted an export-oriented development strategy. They focused on developing and promoting industries that could compete globally, especially in manufacturing and electronics. This approach allowed them to benefit from global trade and attract foreign direct investment.
2. Strong Government Intervention: The governments of the Four Asian Tigers played a crucial role in guiding and supporting economic development. They implemented proactive industrial policies, provided infrastructure investment, established export promotion agencies, and prioritized education and skilled labor development.
3. Education and Human Capital: These economies placed a significant emphasis on education and human capital development. They invested heavily in education and training to create a skilled workforce, which contributed to their technological advancements and competitiveness.
4. Stable Political Environment: The Four Asian Tigers enjoyed relative political stability, with strong governance and efficient bureaucracies. This stability provided a conducive environment for long-term economic planning and policy implementation.
5. Strategic Location: Geographically, these economies benefited from favorable geographic locations that facilitated trade and access to global markets. Their proximity to major shipping routes and their strategic positioning within the region played a role in their economic success.
6. Cultural Factors: While cultural factors can be complex and multifaceted, certain cultural characteristics such as discipline, a strong work ethic, and a focus on education have been attributed to the success of these economies. However, it is important to note that cultural factors alone cannot fully explain their growth, as the role of government policies and economic strategies was crucial.
It's worth mentioning that the term 'Four Asian Tigers' was coined during a specific period, and today the term is somewhat outdated. However, the economic growth experiences and the common characteristics among these economies continue to be studied and serve as a reference point for understanding successful development strategies in the region. Additionally, the success of other East Asian economies, notably China, has also been influenced by similar factors, such as export-oriented policies, strong government intervention, and investments in education and infrastructure.
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A mixed economy is one in which
A. both labour and capital contribute significantly to production.
B. both government and private firms play important economic roles.
C. both industrial and service sectors are important.
D. a centralized government controls economic activity and produces some military goods and some consumer goods.
Option b is the most accurate choice, as it captures the essence of a mixed economy where both government and private firms have significant roles and influences on economic activities.
b. both government and private firms play important economic roles.
a mixed economy is characterized by a combination of both private and public ownership and control of resources and economic activities. in a mixed economy, both government and private firms play significant roles in the economy. the government is involved in regulating and overseeing economic activities, providing public goods and services, implementing economic policies, and addressing market failures. private firms, on the other hand, engage in production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services for profit. the private sector operates based on market forces and competition.
option a, which states that both labor and capital contribute significantly to production, is a general characteristic of any economy, regardless of its type. option c, which mentions the importance of both industrial and service sectors, is also a broad feature and does not specifically define a mixed economy. option d, referring to a centralized government controlling economic activity, describes a planned or command economy, which is different from a mixed economy.
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It is 1 July 2022 . Fansifist Sdn Bhd manufactures and sells a variety of food for
dogs and cats. Your firm, Kiran & Co Chartered Accountants, has audited the
company for a number of years. You are about to commence the final audit for
the year ended 31 March 2022 and the draft financial statements show profit
before tax of RM23.1m and total assets of RM99.2m.
Fansifist Sdn Bhd launched a new brand of grain free dog food, Polobalancing
Dog, in December 20X4 but sales have been lower than expected and the
directors are considering a discounted sales price. Polobalancing Dog products
are valued using standard costing method and the standard cost comprises raw
materials, labour costs and production overheads. As at 31 March 2022 ,
Polobalancing Dog products with a standard cost of RM2.4m were included as
finished goods in inventory.
One of Fansifist's major customers, Petcare Sdn Bhd , operates a chain of pet
stores with 23 stores across the country.
There have been reports in the press for several months that Petcare Sdn Bhd 's
sales and profits have been falling and, in March 2022 , Petcare Sdn Bhd
announced that 11 of its stores were to close in May 2022 . As at 31 March 2022
, Fansifist Co's trade receivables included RM2.6m outstanding from Petcare
Sdn Bhd and no allowance has been included for this balance at the year end.
On 25 February 2022 , it was discovered that a batch of canned cat food had
been contaminated with insecticide, which could be harmful to cats. This batch
had been dispatched in November 20X4 to 247 retail stores. By 31 March 2022 ,
Fansifist Sdn Bhd had received legal claims totalling RM1.9m from consumers
whose cats had eaten the contaminated food.
Describe any 3 (three) substantive procedures the auditor should perform to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence in relation to the legal claims following the contamination.
The auditor should ensure that the claims have been recorded and disclosed accurately and completely in the financial statements.
The three substantive procedures the auditor should perform to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence in relation to the legal claims following the contamination are as follows:1. Confirmation with the legal counsel: The auditor should contact Fansifist Sdn Bhd’s legal counsel to receive a detailed report on the nature of the legal claims filed by consumers whose cats have consumed the contaminated food. The auditor should confirm the likelihood of the liability resulting from the legal claims, the probability of the court’s decision, and the estimated amount of the liability.
2. Scrutiny of legal invoices: The auditor should examine the legal invoices received by Fansifist Sdn Bhd from the legal counsel hired to handle the legal claims. The auditor should determine if the legal expenses are reasonable in nature and there are no expenses which have been misclassified.3. Analytical review: The auditor should analyze the legal claims based on their nature and extent. The auditor should compare the legal claims to prior years to determine if the nature and amount of the legal claims are in line with prior years. Furthermore, the auditor should ensure that the claims have been recorded and disclosed accurately and completely in the financial statements.
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answer of it
What would be the total interest carned on \( \$ 12,345 \) at \( 10 \% \) per annum for 1 years: (no compounding done)? Round off your answer to the nearest cent. A)
To calculate the total interest earned, we can use the simple interest formula: Interest = Principal × Rate × Time Given: Principal (P) = $12,345 Rate (R) = 10% per annum Time (T) = 1 year Plugging in the values
into the formula: Interest = $12,345 × 0.10 × 1 = $1,234.50 Therefore, the total interest earned on $12,345 at a 10% annual interest rate for 1 year (with no compounding) would be $1,234.50. In this scenario, annum the total interest earned represents the amount of money that is earned on top of the initial principal amount of $12,345. It is important to note that simple interest does not take compounding into account, meaning that the interest remains constant throughout the duration of the loan or investment period. By rounding off the answer to the nearest cent, the total interest earned would be $1,234.50.
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Payroll costs incurred due to employees who perform administrative and supportive functions are called:
Direct Labour Costs
Indirect Labour Costs
General Labour Costs
Sales Labour Costs
Payroll costs incurred due to employees who perform administrative and supportive functions are called: Indirect Labour Costs.
Indirect labour costs refer to payroll expenses incurred for employees who perform administrative and supportive functions that are not directly involved in the production process or directly generating sales. These employees provide necessary support and services to the organization but do not directly contribute to the creation of the final product or service.
Examples of roles that may fall under indirect labour costs include administrative staff, human resources personnel, accounting and finance staff, IT support staff, and maintenance workers. These employees play a crucial role in the smooth operation of the business but are not directly involved in the core production or sales activities.
Indirect labour costs are typically considered as indirect expenses and are separate from direct labour costs, which are the payroll expenses associated with employees directly involved in production or sales. Both direct and indirect labour costs are important components of overall labour costs for a business.
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Which is not a difference between public and private enterprises?
A
Only government has compulsory power to finance operations with tax dollars
B
Public enterprises are run without any regard for market conditions.
(c) Leadership of government enterprises ultimately derives power from the electoral process.
D. Government can seize property needed for operations.
The statement that is not a valid difference between public and private enterprises is "Public enterprises are run without any regard for market conditions." This assertion is an oversimplification and doesn't hold in all circumstances.
Public enterprises, like private ones, also have to consider market conditions when making decisions. While it's true that the operations and objectives of public enterprises may not be driven by profit as is often the case in private enterprises, it doesn't mean that they operate with total disregard for market conditions. For instance, public utilities might need to consider the price of raw materials, demand fluctuations, and other market factors when planning their operations. Furthermore, many public enterprises operate in competitive markets, which require them to respond to market dynamics. it's also true that public enterprises may have more leeway to prioritize social objectives over profit, which can sometimes lead to decisions that might seem to disregard market signals.
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calculating the present value of money is referred to as
Calculating the present value of money is referred to as discounting. This is because the present value of money is calculated by discounting the future value of money by a discount rate.
The discount rate represents the interest rate that could be earned on an investment, so it takes into account the time value of money. The time value of money is the idea that money today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future.
This is because money today can be invested and earn interest, so it will be worth more in the future. The discount rate is used to calculate how much less money in the future is worth than the same amount of money today. For example, if the discount rate is 5%, then $100 in one year is worth $95.23 today.
This is because if you invest $95.23 today, it will grow to $100 in one year. Discounting is a useful tool for financial decision-making. It can be used to compare different investment options, or to determine how much money you need to save for a future goal.
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Define a problem where uncertainty is a significant part of the
equation. What decision making strategies would you use to solve
this.
Utilizing stop-loss orders provides a safety net to limit losses, while seeking professional advice adds expertise to decision-making.
Problem: Investing in a volatile market with uncertain outcomes.
Decision-making strategies:
1. Diversification: Spreading investments across different assets reduces the risk of relying on a single outcome.
2. Risk analysis: Assessing the potential risks associated with each investment and quantifying their impact on the portfolio.
3. Research and analysis: Conducting thorough research on market trends, historical data, and expert opinions to make informed investment decisions.
4. Scenario planning: Creating multiple scenarios based on different market conditions and evaluating the potential outcomes for each investment.
5. Utilizing stop-loss orders: Setting predefined price levels to automatically sell an investment if it reaches a specified loss, limiting potential losses.
6. Seeking professional advice: Consulting financial advisors or experts who specialize in navigating uncertain market conditions can provide valuable insights.
Uncertainty in investing arises due to unpredictable market fluctuations, economic factors, and unforeseen events. Employing a combination of diversification, risk analysis, research, and scenario planning can help mitigate the impact of uncertainty. Utilizing stop-loss orders provides a safety net to limit losses, while seeking professional advice adds expertise to decision-making. Employing these strategies helps balance risk and potential rewards, enabling informed investment decisions in uncertain markets.
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As a financial analyst for the JA60 Ltd, you have been given the assignment of determining the company’s cost of capital. Toward that end, the following information has been collected: Present Capital Structure Source of Capital Par/Maturity Value Total Book Value Market Value Debt (8%, 15 year) $1,000 $8,000,000 $1,200 per bond Preferred stock (8%) $100 $2,000,000 $120 per share Common stock $10 $10,000,000 $20 per share . The company’s last common dividend was $0.97. The year before that, a dividend of $0.91 was paid. The growth rate for dividends is expected to be constant for the foreseeable future. The company’s tax rate is 35%.
a. The directors of JN60 have been told that they can reduce the overall cost of capital by issuing more long-term debt. Write a memo (in good form) outlining the extent to which increasing the gearing of the company could have the desired effect. [10 marks]
Increasing the company's gearing through issuing more long-term debt can potentially reduce the overall cost of capital.
Gearing refers to the proportion of debt in a company's capital structure. By increasing the amount of long-term debt, the company can shift its capital structure towards a higher level of debt and potentially achieve a lower cost of capital. Here's how it can have the desired effect:
1. Cost of Debt: Increasing long-term debt can result in a higher debt-to-equity ratio, which may lead to a lower cost of debt. This is because debt is usually cheaper than equity financing due to the tax deductibility of interest payments.
2. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): The WACC considers the cost of each component of the capital structure weighted by its proportion. By increasing the proportion of cheaper debt, the overall WACC can be reduced. However, there is an optimal level of debt beyond which the WACC may start increasing due to higher financial risk.
3. Tax Shield: The interest payments on debt are tax-deductible, resulting in a tax shield that reduces the company's tax liability. By increasing debt, the tax shield is increased, leading to lower after-tax costs of debt and potentially lower WACC.
4. Cost of Equity: Increasing debt may increase the financial risk perception of the company, causing a higher required rate of return by equity investors. This can offset the benefits of lower debt costs. Therefore, it is important to maintain an optimal balance between debt and equity.
In conclusion, increasing the company's gearing by issuing more long-term debt can potentially lower the overall cost of capital. However, careful consideration of the optimal capital structure and its impact on both debt and equity costs is crucial to ensure the desired effect is achieved.
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True/False: A rise in population growth rate leads to a fall in the standard of living.
True/False: According to the Solow Growth model it is not possible for poor countries to catch up to wealthy countries.
Which of the following conditions must be satisfied at steady state?
a) f(k)=(n+d)s b) sf(k)=(n+d)s c) f(k)=(n+d)k d) sf(k)=(n+d)k
Which of the following is not a source of economic growth according to the Solow Growth Model?
a) The savings rate b) The growth of money supply c) The population growth rate d) The growth rate of technological progress
The answer to the first statement, "A rise in population growth rate leads to a fall in the standard of living," is True. An increase in population growth rate can put pressure on limited resources, leading to a decrease in the availability of goods and services per capita, thereby impacting the standard of living.
The answer to the second statement, "According to the Solow Growth model, it is not possible for poor countries to catch up to wealthy countries," is False. The Solow Growth model suggests that poor countries can catch up to wealthy countries by investing in physical and human capital, improving productivity, and benefiting from technological progress.
Regarding the conditions at steady state, the correct answer is option d) sf(k)=(n+d)k. In the Solow Growth model, steady state occurs when the per capita production function, sf(k), is equal to the depreciation rate (d) plus the population growth rate (n). This equation represents the balanced level of investment, population growth, and depreciation needed to maintain a constant level of capital per worker in the economy.
Among the given options, the answer to the question about the sources of economic growth according to the Solow Growth model is b) The growth of money supply. The Solow model emphasizes physical capital accumulation (savings and investment), technological progress, and population growth as sources of economic growth. The growth of money supply, which is associated with monetary policy, does not directly contribute to the long-term sustainable growth of an economy in the Solow model framework.
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Assuming a 360-day year, when a $50,400, 90-day, 11% interest-bearing note payable matures, the total payment will be
The total payment when the $50,400, 90-day, 11% interest-bearing note payable matures is $51,660.
To calculate the total payment when a $50,400, 90-day, 11% interest-bearing note payable matures, we need to determine the interest accrued and add it to the principal.
Interest Accrued = Principal * Interest Rate * Time
= $50,400 * 0.11 * (90/360)
= $1,260
Total Payment = Principal + Interest Accrued
= $50,400 + $1,260
= $51,660
Therefore, the total payment when the note payable matures is $51,660.
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Telamark Company uses the moving weighted average method for inventory costing. Required: The following incomplete inventory sheet regarding Product W506 is available for the month of March 2020. Complete the inventory sheet. (Use the value of the ending inventory as your base number and adjust the COGS $ amount to the required amount to make the Total Goods Available for Sale to the total of the Value of the ending inventory and the COGS total. Negative value should be indicated with minus sign. Round your Intermediate and final answers to 2 decimal places.) Purchases/Transportation-In/ (PurchaseReturns/Discounts) Cost of Goods Sold/(Returns to Inventory) Balance in Inventory Date Units Cost/Unit Total $ Units Cost/Unit Total $ Units Avg Cost/Unit Total $ $ 94.00 60 Mar. $ 1 5,640.00 Brought Forward S 2 35 96.00 3 22 4 (2) 7 65 17 40 97.00 28 43 Totals Ending Inventory Goods Available for Sale Goods Sold Note: March 4 reflects a return made by a customer of incorrect items shipped on March 3; these items were returned to inventory. Analysis Component: The gross profit realized on the sale of Product W506 during February 2020 was 36.16%. The selling price was $148 during both February and March. Calculate the gross profit ratio for Product W506 for March 2020 and determine whether the change is favorable or unfavorable from February. (Round your intermediate calculations and final answer to 2 decimal places.) Gross profit ratio %
To complete the inventory sheet for Product W506 for the month of March 2020, we need to calculate the ending inventory value and adjust the COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) to make the Total Goods Available for Sale equal to the sum of the ending inventory and COGS.
Let's start by filling in the given information:
Date Units Cost/Unit Total $ Units Cost/Unit Total $ Units Avg Cost/Unit Total $
Mar. 1 5 $640 $3,200
Mar. 2 35 $96 $3,360
Mar. 3 22 $97 $2,134
Mar. 4 (2) $ $
Ending Inventory = Balance in Inventory + Purchases/Transportation-In - Purchase Returns/Discounts + Cost of Goods Sold/Returns to Inventory
Ending Inventory = $4,128 + $3,200 + $3,360 + $2,134 - $455 - $3,760
Ending Inventory = $8,607
Now, we can adjust the COGS to make the Total Goods Available for Sale equal to the sum of the ending inventory and COGS:
Total Goods Available for Sale = Ending Inventory + COGS
Total Goods Available for Sale = $8,607 + COGS
To find COGS, we subtract the ending inventory from the Total Goods Available for Sale:
COGS = Total Goods Available for Sale - Ending Inventory
COGS = $8,607 - $8,607
COGS = $0
Now let's calculate the gross profit ratio for Product W506 for March 2020: Gross Profit Ratio = (Gross Profit / Sales) * 100
we can calculate the gross profit for March 2020:
Gross Profit = Gross Profit Ratio * Sales
Gross Profit = 36.16% * ($148 * Units Sold in March)
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The focus and title of this assignment report is: ‘The importance and value of strategy for organisations, and the process of strategic management to formulate business strategy’
question
1）Define and explain strategy, its purpose and the components of the strategic management process. (approx. 100 words)
2）Explain what types of organisations might benefit from conducting the strategic management process, and why.
Explain the differences between the I/O and RBV models in guiding what an organisation should do to earn above-average returns.
3）Discuss the relationship between strategy, vision-mission and the stakeholders of the organisation. (approx. 100 words) Identify the input information necessary for conducting strategic analyses and explain the types and purpose of such analyses.
4）Explain the significance of understanding the internal organisation in context of its general and industry environments.
5）Discuss the value of conducting strategic analysis towards formulating the strategic intent and action of the organisation, embodied in the generic business strategy of the organisation.
1. Strategy is a long-term plan for achieving goals in a competitive environment, involving environmental, internal, and evaluation aspects. 2. Strategic management benefits organizations by establishing a strong foundation, adapting to market conditions, optimizing resource allocation, identifying opportunities, and enhancing performance. 3. Strategy, vision-mission, and stakeholders are interconnected elements in an organization, guiding actions and decisions to achieve goals and fulfill mission. Strategic management considers expectations and needs, utilizing strategic analyses for effective strategies. 4. Strategic management involves understanding an organization's internal and general environments, assessing strengths, weaknesses, resources, and capabilities to identify opportunities, threats, and improve strategies for industry success. 5. Strategic analysis is crucial for an organization's business strategy, evaluating external environment, capabilities, and competitive position to identify opportunities, threats, and advantages, enabling informed decisions and adaptability.
1. Strategy is a long-term plan of action designed to achieve specific goals or objectives in a competitive environment. Its purpose is to provide a direction for an organization, align its resources and capabilities, and create a sustainable competitive advantage.
The components of the strategic management process typically include environmental analysis, internal analysis, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation.
Environmental analysis involves understanding the organization's external environment, including market trends, competitors, and regulatory factors. Internal analysis focuses on assessing the organization's strengths, weaknesses, resources, and capabilities.
2. Various types of organizations can benefit from conducting the strategic management process. This includes organizations operating in dynamic and competitive industries, as well as those facing significant changes or challenges in their external environment.
Start-ups and small businesses can benefit from strategic management to establish a strong foundation and compete effectively. Large organizations may use strategic management to adapt to changing market conditions and maintain their competitive position.
Non-profit organizations can also benefit from strategic management to achieve their mission and optimize the allocation of resources.
3. Strategy, vision-mission, and stakeholders are interconnected elements of an organization. Strategy guides the organization's actions and decisions to achieve its goals and fulfill its mission. Vision and mission statements provide a sense of purpose and direction, outlining the desired future state and the organization's core values.
Stakeholders, including employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, and the community, have a vested interest in the organization's activities and are affected by its actions. The strategic management process should consider the expectations and needs of these stakeholders to ensure alignment and build positive relationships.
4. Understanding the internal organization in the context of its general and industry environments is crucial for strategic management. The general environment includes factors such as political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal aspects that influence the organization's operations.
Industry environment refers to the specific dynamics, trends, and competitive forces within the industry in which the organization operates. By understanding these environments, organizations can identify opportunities and threats, assess the impact of external factors, and make informed strategic decisions.
Understanding the internal organization involves assessing its strengths, weaknesses, resources, and capabilities. This self-analysis helps identify areas of competitive advantage, core competencies, and potential areas for improvement.
5. Strategic analysis plays a crucial role in formulating the strategic intent and action of an organization, which are embodied in its generic business strategy. Strategic analysis involves assessing the organization's external environment, internal capabilities, and competitive position. It helps identify strategic opportunities, threats, and competitive advantages.
Through strategic analysis, organizations can gain insights into market trends, customer preferences, industry dynamics, and competitor strategies. This information enables organizations to make informed decisions about the direction and scope of their business, including target markets, product/service offerings, competitive positioning, and differentiation strategies.
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Algoma Incorporated has a capital structure which is based on 25 % debt, 15 % preferred stock, and 60 % common stock. The after-tax cost of debt is 7 %, the cost of preferred is 8 %, and the cost of common stock is 10%. The company is considering a project that is equally as risky as the overall firm. This project has initial costs of $140,000 and cash inflows of $90,000 a year for two years. What is the projected net present value of this project?
a. $18,427.44
b. $17,571.58
c. $18,538.69
d. $19.197.36
e. $19,074.82
The projected net present value (NPV) of the project is approximately $19,616.42. None of the provided answer choices match this result.
Option D is correct
To calculate the projected net present value (NPV) of the project, need to discount the cash inflows using the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) as the discount rate. The WACC is calculated based on the capital structure and the cost of each component.
Debt: 25%
Preferred stock: 15%
Common stock: 60%
Cost of debt: 7%
Cost of preferred stock: 8%
Cost of common stock: 10%
To calculate the WACC, we need to find the weights of each component:
Weight of debt = 25%
Weight of preferred stock = 15%
Weight of common stock = 60%
Now, let's calculate the WACC:
WACC = (Weight of debt * Cost of debt) + (Weight of preferred stock * Cost of preferred stock) + (Weight of common stock * Cost of common stock)
WACC = (0.25 * 0.07) + (0.15 * 0.08) + (0.60 * 0.10)
WACC = 0.0175 + 0.012 + 0.06
WACC = 0.0895 or 8.95%
The WACC of 8.95% will be used as the discount rate for the cash inflows of the project.
Now, let's calculate the net present value (NPV) of the project:
NPV = Cash Inflows / (1 + Discount Rate)^Year + Cash Inflows / (1 + Discount Rate)^(Year + 1) - Initial Costs
NPV = $90,000 / (1 + 0.0895)¹ + $90,000 / (1 + 0.0895)² - $140,000
NPV = $83,004.46 + $76,611.96 - $140,000
NPV = $19,616.42
Therefore, the projected net present value (NPV) of the project is approximately $19,616.42. None of the provided answer choices match this result
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The table below shows the maximum quantities of two goods that each country can produce. If the countries follow the principle of comparative advantage, which of the following is a potential benefit of trade?
All of the answer choices provided are correct potential benefits of trade. Trade enables countries to expand consumption, reduce vulnerability, and shift production frontiers for higher levels of production.
Comparative advantage refers to the principle that countries should specialize in producing goods or services in which they have a lower opportunity cost compared to other countries.
In the given scenario, Wakanda has a comparative advantage in producing vibranium, as it can produce 8 tons of vibranium compared to Zamunda's 2 tons. On the other hand, Zamunda has a comparative advantage in producing gold, as it can produce 1 ton compared to Wakanda's 2 tons.
By following the principle of comparative advantage and engaging in trade, both countries can benefit in various ways. Firstly, trade can allow each country to increase consumption beyond its production possibilities frontier.
This means that they can access goods that they wouldn't be able to produce on their own, leading to a higher standard of living and more diverse choices for their citizens.
Secondly, trade can make countries less vulnerable to the actions of the other country.
By diversifying their sources of goods, countries can reduce their dependence on domestic production and become more resilient to disruptions or changes in the other country's policies.
Lastly, trade can lead to the expansion of the production possibilities frontier for each country.
Through specialization and trade, countries can allocate their resources more efficiently, increase productivity, and achieve higher levels of production in both goods. This allows for economic growth and the realization of higher overall welfare for both countries.
Therefore, all of the provided answer choices accurately capture potential benefits of trade when countries follow the principle of comparative advantage.
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The complete question is:
The table below shows the maximum quantities of two goods that each country can produce. If the countries follow the principle of comparative advantage, which of the following is a potential benefit of trade?
Vibranium (tons) Gold (tons)
Wakanda 8 tons 2 tons
Zamunda 2 tons 1 ton
All of these answers are correct.
Trade can allow each country to increase consumption beyond its production possibilities frontier.
None of these answers is correct.
Trade can allow each country to become less vulnerable to the actions of the other country.
Trade can allow each country to shift its production possibilities frontier outward to higher levels of production.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the impact of a specific change in each of the following factors that have been described in lectures as influencing the time value of money?
O a. Holding all else equal, as the market's expectations of inflation increase the present value of a future expected $100 cash flow also increases.
O b. None of the other answers is correct
O c. Holding all else equal, as the rate of return that could be expected from a risk-free government security increases the present value of a future expected $100 cash flow also increases.
O d. More than one of the other answers is correct
O e. Holding all else equal, as the risk associated with the expected receipt of $100 in the future increases the present value that expected cash flow also increases.
Time value of money is the concept that the value of money that we receive today will be worth more than the value of the same amount of money that we will receive in the future.
There are three main factors that influence the time value of money: inflation, rate of return, and risk. Thus, out of the given options, the statement that correctly describes the impact of a specific change in each of the following factors that have been described in lectures as influencing the time value of money is; Holding all else equal, as the rate of return that could be expected from risk-free government security increases the present value of a future expected $100 cash flow also increases. Option "c" is the answer.
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The correct statement is that, C. holding all else equal, as the rate of return from a risk-free government security increases, the present value of a future expected $100 cash flow also increases.
Explanation:The correct statement that describes the impact of a specific change in factors influencing the time value of money is option C: Holding all else equal, as the rate of return that could be expected from a risk-free government security increases, the present value of a future expected $100 cash flow also increases. When the rate of return on a risk-free government security increases, it means that investors are able to earn a higher return on their investments.
As a result, the present value of a future cash flow, such as $100, increases because investors are willing to pay more for the promise of receiving that cash flow in the future. This is in contrast to options A and E, which state incorrect statements about the impact of inflation expectations and risk on the present value of a future cash flow.
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Costs estimations and cost predictions are two terms often used as management accountant that must master when estimating costs functions. Briefly differentiate between ‘cost estimation’ and ‘cost predictions.
Cost estimation refers to the process of determining the approximate cost of a specific activity, project, or product based on historical data, expert judgment, and other relevant factors. It involves assessing the past and present costs to make an educated estimate of future costs.
Cost prediction, on the other hand, involves forecasting future costs based on the analysis of historical cost data, trends, market conditions, and other variables. It aims to provide insights into potential future costs and helps in making informed decisions regarding budgeting, pricing, and resource allocation. In summary, cost estimation focuses on determining the current or expected cost based on known information, while cost prediction involves forecasting future costs based on historical trends and other factors to anticipate future financial requirements and plan accordingly.
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UrTurn sells its products at P80 per unit with the unit variable cost of P55. Its fixed cost is P81,000. How many units must be sold to achieve the following (tax rate is 40% ):
1. breakeven __
2. a minimum pre-tax income of P26,000 __
3. a minimum pre-tax income of 20% of sales __
4. Suppose that its target pre-tax income is P50,000. The company is presently selling 5,000 units. To increase sales, the management is considering an advertising program that will cost P10,000. The management estimates that this will increase sales by 500 units. What should be the minimum increase in sales (in units) so that the company could really consider advertising the product? __
5. Suppose that its target pre-tax income is P50,000. The firm wants to know whether cutting prices will increase sales enough to create the required profit. If the company cuts its price to P75 from P80, the managers think that they could sell 1,000 more units. What should be the minimum increase in sales (in units) so that the company may decide to cut the price to P75?__
To break even, UrTurn needs to sell 1,620 units.
To achieve a minimum pre-tax income of P26,000, UrTurn needs to sell 2,420 units.
To achieve a minimum pre-tax income of 20% of sales, UrTurn needs to sell 4,420 units.
The minimum increase in sales needed to consider advertising is 1,332 units.
The minimum increase in sales needed to justify a price cut to P75 is 2,000 units.
To break even, the total contribution margin (selling price - variable cost) must equal the fixed costs. In this case, P80 - P55 = P25 is the contribution margin per unit. Thus, the breakeven point is P81,000 / P25 = 1,620 units.
To achieve a minimum pre-tax income of P26,000, we need to consider the fixed costs and the desired income. The total contribution margin needed is P81,000 + P26,000 = P107,000. Dividing this by the contribution margin per unit (P25), we get 2,420 units.
To achieve a minimum pre-tax income of 20% of sales, we calculate 20% of the desired sales amount. The target pre-tax income is P50,000, so the desired sales amount is P50,000 / 0.8 = P62,500. Dividing this by the contribution margin per unit (P25), we get 4,420 units.
To determine the minimum increase in sales needed to consider advertising, we need to compare the increase in contribution margin (additional sales * contribution margin per unit) with the cost of advertising. The additional contribution margin needed is P50,000 + P10,000 = P60,000. Dividing this by the contribution margin per unit (P25), we get 2,400 units. However, since the advertising program is estimated to increase sales by 500 units, the minimum increase in sales needed is 2,400 - 500 = 1,900 units.
To determine the minimum increase in sales needed to justify a price cut, we calculate the decrease in contribution margin (additional units * decrease in contribution margin per unit) and compare it with the desired increase in total contribution margin. The decrease in contribution margin is 1,000 units * (P80 - P75) = P5,000. To achieve a desired increase in total contribution margin of P50,000, we divide P50,000 by the contribution margin per unit (P25), resulting in 2,000 units. Therefore, the minimum increase in sales needed is 2,000 units.
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8. The constitution of a company is a statutory contract between which of the following parties? Select one: Select one: a. Between the members themselves only. b. Eletween the company and its members only. c. Between the company and the relevant Government authority. d. Between the company and its members and between the members themselves.
The correct answer is option (d), "Between the company and its members and between the members themselves."
The constitution of a company serves as a statutory contract that governs the rights, obligations, and relationships within the company. However, it is important to identify the parties involved in this contract.
The constitution of a company establishes the rules and regulations that govern the company's internal affairs, including the rights and duties of its members (shareholders) and the company itself.
It outlines the relationship between the company and its members, as well as the relationships among the members themselves. This contractual agreement defines the framework within which the company operates and provides a legal basis for the rights and obligations of all parties involved.
Therefore, Option D is correct.
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E21-11 (Amortization Schedule and Journal Entries for Lessee) Laura Leasing Company signs an agreement on January 1, 2014, to lease equipment to Plote Company. The following information relates to this agreement. 1. The term of the noncancelable lease is 5 years with no renewal option. The equipment has an estimated economic life of 5 years. 2. The fair value of the asset at January 1,2014 , is $80,000. 3. The asset will revert to the lessor at the end of the lease term, at which time the asset is expected to have a residual value of $7,000, none of which is guaranteed. 4. Plote Company assumes direct responsibility for all executory costs, which include the following annual amounts: (1) $900 to Rocky Mountain Insurance Company for insurance and (2) $1,600 to Laclede County for property taxes. 5. The agreement requires equal annual rental payments of $18,142.95 to the lessor, beginning on January 1, 2014. 6. The lessee's incremental borrowing rate is 12%. The lessor's implicit rate is 10% and is known to the lessee. 7. Plote Company uses the straight-line depreciation method for all equipment. 8. Plote uses reversing entries when appropriate. Instructions (Round all numbers to the nearest cent.) (a) Prepare an amortization schedule that would be suitable for the lessee for the lease term. (b) Prepare all of the journal entries for the lessee for 2014 and 2015 to record the lease agreement, the lease payments, and all expenses related to this lease. Assume the lessee's annual accounting period ends on December 31.
(a) The amortization schedule for the lease term is as follows:
Year Beginning Lease Liability Lease Payment Interest Expense Reduction in Lease Liability Ending Lease Liability
2014 $89,000 $18,142.95 $8,900 $9,242.95 $79,757.05
2015 $79,757.05 $18,142.95 $7,975.71 $10,167.24 $69,589.81
2016 $69,589.81 $18,142.95 $6,958.98 $11,184.97 $58,404.84
2017 $58,404.84 $18,142.95 $5,840.48 $12,302.47 $46,102.37
2018 $46,102.37 $18,142.95 $4,610.24 $13,532.71 $32,569.66
(b) The journal entries for the lessee for 2014 and 2015 to record the lease agreement, lease payments, and related expenses are as follows:
2014:
Jan 1, 2014
Leased Equipment $80,000
Lease Liability $80,000
Dec 31, 2014
Lease Liability $9,242.95
Cash $18,142.95
Interest Expense $8,900
Property Tax Expense $1,600
Insurance Expense $900
2015:
Dec 31, 2015
Lease Liability $10,167.24
Cash $18,142.95
Interest Expense $7,975.71
Property Tax Expense $1,600
Insurance Expense $900
These entries reflect the initial recognition of the lease, the annual lease payments, and the expenses related to the lease such as interest expense, property tax expense, and insurance expense. The Lease Liability account is gradually reduced each year as the lease payments and related expenses are recorded.
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