An ion that has two more electrons outside the nucleus than there are protons in the nucleus will have a -2 charge.
An atom or molecule with a net electrical charge is known as an ion. Conventionally, the charge of an electron is thought to be negative this charge is equal to and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is thought to be positive. These ions allow electrical messages to move freely throughout the body. Electrolytes are essential to the body because they control osmotic pressure in cells and support the health of muscle and nerve cells.
Protons dominate electrons in a positively charged ion or cation. The atomic number of the element is represented by the proton number, while the electron number is the atomic number less the charge. An anion or ion with a negative charge has more electrons than protons. The atomic number is once more equal to the number of protons.
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What types of microorganisms are known as obligate intracellular parasites, meaning that they can live and multiply only inside an appropriate host cell?
Viruses are obligate parasites.
Why are viruses known as obligate parasites?A parasite is considered to be obligatory if it entirely relies on its host for habitat, sustenance, reproduction, and survival. It will eventually perish without the host. An organism that cannot reproduce without a host is said to be obligately parasitic. Holoparasite is another name for the obligatory parasite. Obligatory parasites include viruses. They are unable to procreate outside of live cells. They are hence regarded as obligatory intracellular parasites.
They infect a host cell to utilize its genetic resources for reproduction, protein synthesis, and energy production. The virus cannot thrive on culture media that is not alive. It needs functioning cells to maintain its metabolism and grow. It multiplies by independently forming each of its components using host machinery, then putting those components together to create viral particles. A virus is not irritable or mobile. For transfer from one host to another, it needs a vector.
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Cell division is regulated by two major genes. ___________ stimulate cell division and ___________ inhibits cell division.
A. oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
B. proto-oncogenes, oncogenes
C. tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes
D. proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
The answer is A
Explanation:
Two classes of genes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, link cell cycle control to tumor formation and development. Oncogenes in their proto-oncogene state drive the cell cycle forward, allowing cells to proceed from one cell cycle stage to the next.
Arrange the layers of rock oldest to youngest- conglomerate, limestone with crinoid, shale with ammonite, sandstone with trilobite
Oldest to youngest
Sandstone with trilobite → limestone with crinoid → shale with ammonite → conglomerate
According to the rule of superposition, rock strata (layers) that are the furthest from the ground's surface are the oldest (formed earliest) and those that are the nearest to it are the youngest (formed most recently).
What is a Rock ?A rock is a dense mass of mineral grains that have grown or been cemented together over time. There are big rocks and little rocks. Pebbles are little rocks. One or more minerals can be found in every rock.
According to how they were formed, rocks are categorised by geologists (those who study rocks and minerals).Among the physical characteristics of rocks are density, porosity, and permeability. Elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and rock strength are the primary characteristics of rocks in terms of mechanics.Learn more about Rocks here:
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The layers of rock can be arranged from oldest to youngest as follows:
1. Conglomerate: This is the oldest layer. Conglomerate is a sedimentary rock composed of rounded gravel and pebbles that have been cemented together. It forms when gravel and pebbles are transported by water and then deposited and compacted over time.
2. Shale with ammonite: Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of mud and clay. The presence of an ammonite fossil indicates that this layer is younger than the conglomerate layer.
3. Limestone with crinoid: Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate. The presence of a crinoid fossil suggests that this layer is younger than the shale layer.
4. Sandstone with trilobite: Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed of sand-sized particles that have been cemented together. The presence of a trilobite fossil indicates that this layer is the youngest.
To summarize, the layers from oldest to youngest are: conglomerate, shale with ammonite, limestone with crinoid, and sandstone with trilobite. Each layer represents a different period of time in Earth's history and contains distinct types of fossils that help geologists determine their relative ages.
Ethical dilemmas raised by dna technology and knowledge of the human genome include?
Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include the potential for interfering in evolution, the safety of GM foods and the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases.
What about DNA?Recombinant DNA technology raises safety concerns such as "gene pollution" of the environment leading to "superweeds" and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Health impacts of GMO-containing food. Effectiveness of medicinal substances created using DNA technology, allergenicity, and adverse immunological reactions.Basic human mistake and bias, accusing the innocent of crimes, privacy rights, and an increase in racial inequities are some of these problems. Researchers Itiel Dror and Greg Hampikian discovered in their widely cited study from 2011 that forensic professionals and lab technicians had quite different perspectives on how to analyze DNA.Germline genome editing raises a number of bioethical concerns, including the possibility of unintended modifications to the genome, who should provide informed consent, how to do so, and the breeding of the human species (eugenics).Learn more about DNA here:
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Disclaimer: The question given in the portal is incomplete. Here, The complete question.
Question: Ethical dilemmas raised by DNA technology and knowledge of the human genome include ______.
A. the potential for interfering in evolution
B. the safety of GM foods
C. the potential discrimination against people predisposed to certain diseases
D. all of the above
In the black-scholes option pricing model, an increase in the risk-free rate (rfr) will cause?
In the black-scholes option pricing model, an increase in the risk-free rate (rfr) will cause an increase in call value and a decrease in put value.
The Black-Scholes Pricing Model for Options is a method for calculating the theoretical value of a call or put option based on six factors: volatility, option type, price of the underlying stock, time value, strike price, and current risk-free rate.
Given that call options have a positive Rho, they typically increase in price significantly as interest rates rise. Due to its negative Rho, put options tend to lose some of their value as interest rates rise, all other things being equal.
Therefore, In the black-scholes option pricing model, an increase in the risk-free rate (rfr) will cause an increase in call value and a decrease in put value.
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This is for bio , translation and transcription genetics labelling help me pls
If a man weighs 190 lb and eats 150 g protein per day, his protein intake is _____ of the recommended dietary allowance (rda)
The RDA for protein is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight. This man's weight is 190 lb, or 86 kg; 86 kg × 0.8 = 69.1 g protein per day. Thus, an intake of 150 g is more than twice his RDA of 69.1 g of protein per day.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of protein for adults is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight. To determine your RDA for protein, multiply your weight in pounds by 0.36.The protein RDA for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of healthy body weight per day.
Proteins build muscle mass and contour, facilitate hair, nails and bone growth, regulate energy levels, and support chemical processes within the body which include enzyme, hormone and antibody production.
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The amount of biomass that is produced in an area during a given time would be referred to as?
Answer:
Explanation:
The amount of biomass that is produced in an area during a given time is referred to as primary production/productivity.
What is biomass?Renewable organic material obtained from plant and animal sources if referred to as biomass.Primary productivity is the production of organic compounds through the process of photosynthesis, with the help of solar energy.Primary productivity is measured as biomass produced per unit area over a give time periodIt is usually expressed either in weight or energy.There are two ways to express primary productivity:a) Gross Primary Productivity(GPP): Takes into account the total energy produced in the ecosystem.
b) Net primary Productivity(NPP): Takes into account, solely the energy used by the producer for respiration.
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The process of producing a radiographic study of blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium is known as?
The process of producing a radio-graphic study of blood vessels after the infection of a contrast medium is known as Angiography.
Angiography is used to check the health of your blood vessels.In this process a needle is used to puncture the main artery in armpit or crook of the arm and place a ciled wire in artery. The needle is withdrawn and tube passed over the wire into artery. then wire is removed and both arteries structure they supply with blood can then be visualized.
It helps in diagnose the several problem affecting blood vessels, which includes atherosclerosis- narrowing of arteries, which mean you're at risk of having stoke or heart attack.
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During translation initiation in bacteria, the amino acid on the initiator trna is ________
During translation initiation in bacteria, the amino acid on the initiator trna is N-formyl methionine (fMet)
What is amino acid?Amino acids are chemical molecules containing side chains unique to each amino acid as well as amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.Proteins are made up of substances called amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are the components of life. Amino acids are the byproducts of the digestion or breakdown of proteins. The substances known as amino acids, or the "building blocks of proteins," play a variety of vital functions in your body. It require them for essential functions like producing hormones, neurotransmitters, and proteins. In meals high in protein like meat, fish, and soybeans, amino acids are concentrated.A carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a variable group are the main structural components of amino acids.
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What process creates daughter cells with a mixture of paternal and maternal chromosomes?
Students construct a graphic organizer to illustrate the different levels of biological organization. Which term does the letter x represent
The term that represents the X letter is an organism (organismic level).
What is an organism?In ecology, the organism level represents the fundamental unit that interacts in a particular ecosystem.
The ecosystem level is composed of organism and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, water resources, etc) that interact to shape a given environment.
In conclusion, the term that represents the X letter is an organism (organismic level).
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Sperm release ________ to break down the bonds between adjacent follicle cells surrounding the oocyte
Sperm release hyaluronidase to break down the bonds between adjacent follicle cells surrounding the oocyte.
In mammalian fertilization, the sperm cell's acrosome releases hyaluronidase after reaching the oocyte, breaking down hyaluronan in the corona radiata to enable conception. Sperm hyaluronidase has been linked to sperm penetration of the cumulus oophorus' extracellular matrix and may be extremely important for gamete contact and mammalian reproduction.The hyaluronidase enzymes on the surface of the sperm help it break through this covering when a capacitated sperm reaches the ovum. When this happens, the sperm might connect to the zona pellucida. Hyaluronidase breaks the egg's vitelline membrane as part of its function.learn more about Sperm here: https://brainly.com/question/1154065
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The lac operon of E. coli is ________ when the repressor is bound to ________. Group of answer choices active; tryptophan inactive; lactose active; lactose inactive; tryptophan
The lac operon of E. coli is active when the repressor is bound to lactose
Morphologically, the bacteria E. coli ( known as Escherichia coli ) is straight, rod shape (bacillus) bacterium.
Its colony is identified in two major forms, namely:
The smooth formThe rough formE. coli belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, order Enterobacteriales, class Gammaproteobacteria and phylum Proteobacteria.
What are bacteria?These are simple prokaryotic and unicellular organisms which posses the following characteristics:
They reproduce as- e - xu -allyThey are microscopic organismsSome are parasites while some saprophytesSo therefore, The lac operon of E. coli is active when the repressor is bound to lactose
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Damage to the ____________ will likely result in a personality change or disorder.
Answer:
Damage to the front association area will likely result in a personality change or disorder.
How might frontal lobe brain damage affect someone's behavior?
It depends on the side of the brain that was engaged and the dominant side of the individual. Having said that, the majority of frontal lobe injuries are caused by traumatic brain injury, with vehicle accidents being the main culprit. Traumatic brain injury often causes trauma to the entire brain, on both sides. If you want to witness a "pure" frontal lobe trauma, you should look at persons who have had a tumor in the frontal lobe or a stroke in the area (which is less common than in other places). Since the frontal lobe is often in charge of the brain's "executive" or higher processes, organizing, planning, making decisions, and impulse control would all be impaired.
Ostriches don’t use their wings for flight, but they do use them for other functions, such as mating rituals and balance. many ancestors of ostriches did fly. what can you conclude about ostrich behavior from this information?
The capacity of photosynthesis to convert __________ energy into __________ energy provides both a nutritional and an energy basis for all heterotrophic living things.
The capacity of photosynthesis to convert Solar energy into Chemical energy provides both a nutritional and an energy basis for all heterotrophic living things.
Green plants and certain other organisms convert solar energy into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.
Light energy is gathered and utilized during photosynthesis in green plants to change water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen- and energy-rich organic molecules.
In many different ways, photosynthesis is advantageous to heterotrophs. They rely on the method for the creation of oxygen, which happens to be a result of photosynthesis.
Additionally, photosynthesis maintains the autotrophs on which heterotrophs rely for survival.
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Determine whether the statement is true or false, and why. “If a theory becomes supported by evidence, it can become a law.” A. False, it should read, “If a theory becomes supported by evidence, it can become a hypothesis.” B. False, it should read, “A theory and a law are already both supported by evidence and are equal, but they have different functions.” C. False, it should read, “A theory and a hypothesis are already equally supported by evidence, but they have different functions.” D. True
The given statement is False, it should read, "A theory and a law are already both supported by evidence and are equal, but they have different functions."
In the scientific method, a "Theory" and a "Law" are already both supported by evidence, but they serve different purposes.
The role of "Theory" in the scientific method is to provide a justification for the data collected through observations and results. As more data is gathered, it may be altered, enhanced, or even dismissed. While a "law" typically refers to an observed natural event that is true no matter how it is tested. It doesn't explain why the incident or event actually happened.
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What manages muscles and prevents injury by monitoring the rate of muscle contraction?
Golgi tendon organ manages muscles and prevents injury by monitoring the rate of muscle contraction.
What is the Golgi tendon organ? What is its primary function?
Sensory organs called Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are found in the tendon next to the myotendinous junction. The Golgi tendon organ, which is located close to the point where a tendon joins a muscle, is a sensory ending that resembles a tree and is encased in a spindle-shaped connective tissue capsule.
The Golgi tendon organ is the sensory organ that determines how much tension the muscle is exerting when someone lifts weights. The Golgi tendon organ will prevent the muscle from producing any force (by a reflex arc) if there is excessive muscle tension, preventing you from harming yourself. Together, these monitor muscle length via the muscle spindles.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
When Raymond observes certain natural phenomena, he often forms Ideas about their causes and effects. Suppose that Raymond
surmises that leaves change color in autumn due to scarcity of sunlight. In order to test whether his idea is accurate, he must first
construct a falsifiable
that defines a clear relationship between two variables. Raymond's next step is to
that would Isolate and test the relationship between the two variables. This task can be pretty
variables that could confuse test results.
daunting because Raymond will need to identify and eliminate any
The answers for each of the drop-down menu are:
Hypothesis Design and experimentConfoundingWhat is confounding in experimental design?The confounding design is known to be a type of a design where some treatment effects (such as the main or interactions effect) are said to be approximated by the same linear association of the experimental observations as some blocking effects.
Note that an hypothesis is said to be a kind of preplanned or proposed explanation for any kind of a phenomenon that occurs in an experiment.
Therefore based on the issue of Raymond, The answers for each of the drop-down menu are:
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See full question below
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
When Raymond observes certain natural phenomena, he often forms ideas about their causes and effects. Suppose that Raymond surmises that leaves change color in autumn due to scarcity of sunlight. In order to test whether his idea is accurate, he must first construct a falsifiable [THEORY/LAW/HYPOTHESIS] that defines a clear relationship between two variables. Raymond's next step is to [DESIGN AN EXPERIMENT/COMPLETE MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS/PROPOSE AND EXPLANATION] that would isolate and test the relationship between the two variables. This task can be pretty daunting because Raymond will need to identify and eliminate any [CONFOUNDING/DEPENDENT/INDEPENDENT] variables that could confuse test results.
A 3-year-old child becomes nervous as he runs screaming into his parents’ room. What might the boy’s mother, a neurologist, notice about the child?
The boy's mother, a neurologist noticed sympathetic activation of the radial muscles of the iris dilated the child's pupil.
In humans, the dilator muscles of the iris contains fibers that extend radially through the iris of the eye and involuntarily contract as available light decreases, thus dilating the pupil.
Pupillary dilation is controlled primarily by the sympathetic nervous system and interruption of the innervation of the dilator muscle can cause an abnormally small pupil, a condition seen as part of Horner syndrome.
Pupillary dilator increases the size of the pupil to allow more light to enter the eyes. It works in opposition to the pupillary constrictor. The pupil dilation occurs when there is an insufficient light for the normal functioning of eyes or during heightened sympathetic activity, for example during fear .
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What are the internal membrane-bound compartments found in eukaryotic cells called?
The internal membrane-bound compartments found in eukaryotic cells called "organelles".
What is eukaryotic cells?Any cell or creature with a distinct nucleus is said to be a eukaryote. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which houses a very well chromosomes (bodies holding the genetic material), is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Some key features of eukaryotic cells are-
Organelles such as mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), the Golgi apparatus (a secretory device), the endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like structure of membranes within the cell), and lysosomes are also present in eukaryotic cells (digestive apparatus within many cell types). A lack of mitochondria as well as a nucleus within red blood cells, as well as the absence or mitochondria inside the oxymonad species Monocercomonoides, are a few exceptions to this rule.It is estimated that eukaryotes emerged between 1.7 billion to 1.9 years ago. About 1.8 billion years ago, the earliest microfossils that resembled eukaryotic creatures were discovered. similar to prokaryoteTo know more about characteristics of eukaryotic organisms, here
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________ are stem cells located between the endomysium and sarcolemma that function in the repair of damaged muscle tissue.
Myosatellites are the stem cells located between the endomysium and sarcolemma.
Following are the features of Myosatellite:
Myosatellite are small cells having very little cytoplasm. They have the potential to remain in the quiescent stage or enter the cell cycle for the proliferation when needed. In a healthy muscle tissue, these cells remain quiescent without undergoing any further division. When the muscle tissue undergoes injury, these cells become activated to enter into the cell cycle. They help to facilitate the growth and repair of the muscle tissue.Myosatellite cells form new myofibers upon proliferation and differentiation.Hence, Myosatellites are stem cells located between a layer of connective tissue surrounding the muscle called as Endomysium and the plasma membrane of the muscle called as Sarcolemma that helps in the repair of damaged muscle tissue.
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Since the sympathetic division travels through t1– l2, how are the organs of the head supplied with sympathetic innervation?
The organs of the head supplied with sympathetic innervation through the preganglionic neurons of the SANS originate in the thoracic and lumbar (T1 to L2) areas of the spinal cord, with the cell bodies dispersed in four symmetrically and bilaterally distributed regions of the grey matter.
Sympathetic innervation in some cranial nerves' distal branches do not travel from the brain or brain stem. Only in the thoracolumbar area of the spinal cord do sympathetic nerve impulses exit the brain. An element of the autonomic nervous system is the sympathetic nervous system. It is automatic and works with the parasympathetic nervous system to keep the body in equilibrium.
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When analyzing an unknown specimen under the microscope you note that the organism has a cell wall, no nucleus and no chloroplasts. your predict that:__________
When analyzing an unknown specimen under the microscope you note that the organism has a cell wall, no nucleus and no chloroplasts. your predict that: organism is "fungus"
What is fungus?Eukaryotic creatures known as fungi include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms as well as other microbes. These organisms fall under the category of fungus.
The creatures that make up the Kingdom Fungi are pervasive and have a cell wall. They fall under the category of heterotrophs among living things. Empire Fungi.
Some characteristics of fungi are-
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, meaning that their cells have distinct nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Fungi were once considered to be part of the plant kingdom, but they have since been separated from plants due to their lack of chlorophyll and distinctive structural and physiological characteristics (such as cell wall and cell membrane components). In addition, the main ways that fungi consume nutrients and engage in vegetative growth clearly distinguish them from every other living things, including animals. Fungi are organisms that develop from the tips of the filaments (hyphae), or bodies, of the creatures (mycelia), and they consume organic stuff outside before incorporating it into the mycelia.To know more about characteristic of the fungus kingdom, here
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Sympathetic stimulation results in what effects in the kidney?
Renal vascular resistance, renin release, and tubular salt reabsorption are all increased when sympathetic nerves to the kidney are active.
Sympathetic stimulation :The sympathetic nervous system alters the cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and renal function, all of which play significant roles in controlling arterial pressure under various circumstances. The system has a role in the pathogenesis of chronic arterial hypertension and is capable of significant acute pressor effects. Because of its limitless capacity to restore altered arterial pressure to its original level by increasing or decreasing water and electrolyte excretion in response to elevated or decreased systemic arterial pressure, the renal volume/pressure control system is regarded as dominating physiological long-term arterial pressure regulation.
Renal vascular resistance, renin release, and tubular salt reabsorption are all increased when sympathetic nerves to the kidney are active. By reversing the pressure-natriuresis curve, these acts contribute to long-term increases in arterial pressure. Renal sensory receptors provide signals that are transmitted by renal afferent neurons to the efferent sympathetic nervous system, which has an impact on the control of arterial pressure. The current paper's goal is to examine recent research that shows how the sympathetic nervous system and the kidneys interact in the pathophysiology of both experimental and real-world arterial hypertension.
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What types of biomolecules do you hypothesize are present in your unknown sample?
Lipids of biomolecules hypothesize are present in the unknown sample.Lipids that contain for testing then it will react to the added chemical by changing colors.
The bio-molecules which included carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids. All these are used by cells and often obtained through foods we eat.The presence of proteins may be determined by mixing solution with biuret test solution /reagents.
Test solution is mixture of copper ion (Cu2+) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It is an organic molecule that includes carbohydrate , protein and nucleic acids. Important for the survival of living cells. Protein is the primary building materials of the human body like skin, hairs, muscles and organs are all composed of proteins.
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The only way the body can get rid of the huge acid load produced by metabolic reactions is to?
Answer:
discrete the hydrogen ions in the urine
Explanation:
Honor Biology:
How did paleomagnetic studies in the 1950s and 1960s support the theory of continental drift? Are they legitimate?
What observations were made in the 1960s that culminated in the plate tectonic theory and the final acceptance of drifting continents?
Remnant magnetism data -1950-, bathymetric and magnetic studies-early 1960s-, and evidence of continental edges fitting together -1964- were necessary to finally accept the theory of continental drift.
What is the paleomagnetic evidence that supports the theory of continental drift?Although Wegener proposed a series of pieces of evidence to prove the idea of continental drift, the theory's acceptance needed more evidence to be approved.
In the 1950s, Runcorn, Irvin, and other geologists, when looking at the remnant magnetism of Phanerozoic, found that rocks from the same area showed different orientations, and the pattern repeated in rocks of different ages.
Note: Let us remember that the term remnant magnetism refers to how magma solidifies and crystallizes into igneous rock following the magnetic field orientation.
So these researchers found that rocks in the same area exhibited different apparent magnetic pole positions. Initially, they thought this could be due to a change in the position of the magnetic pole over time.
However, after several studies including all continents, researchers discovered that the difference in crystallization orientation was due to a change in continental position rather than in the magnetic pole position.
When reconstructing Pangea, paleomagnetic curves drown from rock orientation, overlapped suggesting the crystallization occurred following the same magnetic pole during the unique continent period.
More evidence was discovered between the late 1950s and early 1960s. Heezen, Dietz, Hess, and other researchers collected bathymetry data of the ocean floors and the magnetic properties of the oceanic crust, providing more information about the seafloor spreading and the consequent continental separation.
In 1964 Bullard also could demonstrate that continental coastal shapes were not an effect of erosion but feet because they used to be united during the Pangea period. He showed that continental edges fit together even at 3,300-foot depth.
Remnant magnetism data -1950-, bathrymetric and magnetic studies-early 1960s-, and evidence of continental edges fitting together -1964- were useful to accept the theory of continental drift.
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Hybridomas, which produce monoclonal antibodies, are made by fusing cells of the immune system with.
Hybridoma cells resulting from the fusion of B lymphocytes and myeloma cells produce specific monoclonal antibodies. Hybridomas are generated by fusing spleen cells (plasma cells) from immunized hosts with a compatible myeloma cell line (malignant and immortal plasma cell line).
What is hybridomas?A hybriddoma is a culture of hybrid cells formed by the fusion of B and myeloma cells. Hybridoma technology gives rise to hybridomas. This technique was created to create mAbs. Hybridomas have two crucial B cell properties: antibody production and myeloma cell immortalization.Hybridoma technology ushered in a paradigm change by enabling the mass manufacture of extremely specific and sensitive monoclonal antibodies. The mAbs have been widely employed in diagnostics, including the detection of cancer. These are also widely utilized in cancer treatment.To learn more about hybridomas from the given link
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