The recombination frequency of the two gene pairs is 3%.
The number of recombinant offspring(r.o.) / total number of offspring x 100% = recombination frequency(θ):
r.o./total x 100% = θ
30/100 x 100% = 3%
Recombinant offspring are children that have a different allele combination to their parents.
For example, say a mother has a haploid cell with the alleles AB and the father has a haploid cell with the alleles ab. These combine to make a diploid cell with the sequence Aa+Bb.
Formation of Recombinant Offspring :
Recombination can happen in two different ways; independent assortment and crossing over.
Independent assortment is when the maternal and parental DNA are mixed during meiosis, creating a new gene sequence.Crossing over happens during the first stage of meiosis when the two homologous chromosomes are paired and a portion breaks off on the same loci then reconnects to a different end. Crossing over can only happen when there isn't a physical linkage of the parental alleles.Recombination frequency (θ) is the frequency with which a single chromosomal crossover will take place between two genes during meiosis. A centimorgan (cM) is a unit that describes a recombination frequency of 1%. In this way we can measure the genetic distance between two loci, based upon their recombination frequency. This is a good estimate of the real distance. Double crossovers would turn into no recombination. In this case we cannot tell if crossovers took place. If the loci we're analysing are very close (less than 7 cM) a double crossover is very unlikely. When distances become higher, the likelihood of a double crossover increases. As the likelihood of a double crossover increases we systematically underestimate the genetic distance between two loci.
When two genes are close together on the same chromosome, they do not assort independently and are said to be linked. Whereas genes located on different chromosomes assort independently and have a recombination frequency of 50%, linked genes have a recombination frequency that is less than 50%.
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A farmer produces a variety of apple with deep pink flesh by selectively crossbreeding apples with pinkish hues. This is an example of?
A farmer produces a variety of apple with deep pink flesh by selectively crossbreeding apples with pinkish hues. This is an example of artificial selection. Thus, option D is correct.
What is artificial selection?
The process where human choose an organisms with desirable phenotypic trait for breeding purpose. If that trait have some genetic variance can be selected and organism will evolve with new traits.
However in case of natural selection where natural factor is manipulated and evolution of the organism in response to this selective agent occurred.
Artificial selection can be applied to virus to human to increase the productive value of an organism.
Hence, option D is correct.
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Your question was incomplete. The probable question was
A farmer produces a variety of apple with deep pink flesh by selectively crossbreeding apples with pinkish hues. This is an example of
A) convergent evolution
B) natural selection
C) artificial mutation
D) artificial selection
E) inheritance of acquired characteristics
Decomposition in pools, ponds, and lakes takes place mostly in the _______ zone. a. pelagic b. littoral c. benthic d. all of the above please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answer:
C. Benthic
Explanation:
The benthic zone is the region at the lowest part of water ...
Atoms in triglycerides could be used in the synthesis of dna. which metabolic intermediate and pathway will function as crossover points between triglycerides and dna?
Atoms in triglycerides could be used in the synthesis of DNA. Acetyl-CoA is the metabolic intermediate involved in Citric acid cycle pathway which functions as crossover points between triglycerides and DNA.
The Citric acid cycle also known as Krebs cycle or TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) involves a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions which occur in the mitochondrial matrix. In this pathway, acetyl-CoA is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and the coenzymes are reduced, which generate ATP in the electron transport chain.
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) takes part in many biochemical reactions linked with protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main role is to deliver the acetyl group to the Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.
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Differentiation is a fundamental process in the development of multicellular organisms. Looking at the lecture notes online for this class, what is the specific model system that we will use as an example of differentiation?.
What is differentiation in multicellular organisms?
A multicellular organism undergoes numerous rounds of differentiation as it develops from a straightforward zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.
What is an example of cell differentiation?
The transformation of a single-celled zygote into a multicellular embryo and then into the complex multisystem of several cell types that is a fetus is an illustration of cell differentiation.
What is the process of differentiation?
Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions. Stem Cells. A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.Learn more about differentiation
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What activated carriers, and how many of each, are produced during the citric acid cycle?
NADH, GTP, FADH2 are the activated carriers which are produced during the citric acid cycle.
What are activated carriers?A small molecule that has a chemical group attached to it through a high-energy linkage and can donate energy or the chemical group in a variety of chemical processes.
How these activated carriers are produced in Kreb's cycle?The inner mitochondrial membrane's electron-transport chain receives high-energy electron contributions from NADH and FADH2. The activated nucleoside triphosphate GTP, which is closely similar to ATP, is also produced by the citric acid cycle.Electrons from the combustion of carbs, lipids, and other nutrients during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are used to power the flow of ATP production. These "high-energy" electrons are produced by activated carriers produced during these two types of catabolic events, with the citric acid cycle operating in the mitochondrial matrix producing the majority of these activated carriers. The oxidation of molecules taken from food is finished by the citric acid cycle. The activated carriers NADH and FADH2 store some of the energy produced by this oxidation in the form of high-energy electrons. The inner mitochondrial membrane's electron-transport chain can then receive electrons from these two activated carriers.Learn more about activated carriers here:
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URGENT! What results would you expect to see if exercise does not increase bone mass?
When exercise does not increase bone mass, it has been observed that the risk of bone fractures increases due to osteoporosis.
What are the benefits of exercise to bone mass and density?
Bone mass refers to the mass of the bones in a living organism as a result of the deposition of minerals within the bone.
An increase in bone mass is directly related to the strength of the bone.
Strong bones have high bone masses whereas weak bone have low bone mass.
Physical activity have been shown to improve bone mass by increase the mass of deposited minerals in the bone.
Exercise such as walking, running, jogging, and other forms of exercise have been shown to improve bone mass and hence, the strength of bones.
However, when exercise does not increase bone mass, osteoporosis is observed which results in bone fracture.
In conclusion, the strength of a bone is directly related to the bone mass which is directly related to the mass of minerals deposited within them.
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Explain the elements needed in the nursing assessment of mrs. rogers’ musculoskeletal system.
Since the patient has an osteoporosis history, a musculoskeletal assessment is necessary.
In musculoskeletal assessment, the nurse should Inspect the axial and appendicular skeletons for alignment, contour, symmetry, size, and gross deformities.
Bones and muscles must be palpated to check for tenderness, heat, and oedema. The nurse should percuss the spine for tenderness.
Assessment of joints for motion should be done for this the nurse should know the expected movement of every joint. The muscles must be tested for strength bilaterally.
The patient's past surgeries, injuries and illness must be recorded with the family history of disease associated with musculoskeletal (for example, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc)
Disclaimer: The question is not complete.
Jolly Rogers, a 72-year-old female client who lives alone in a townhouse, arrives to the medical-surgical unit after falling down seven icy steps in front of her home.
The vital signs are T. 97° F; BP, 130/80 mm Hg; HR, 88 beats/minute; RR, 22 breaths/minute. She is 5 feet 4 inches tall and weighs 120 lb. She has a history of osteoporosis and diabetes controlled with diet.
The client stated that she has pain in her right arm rated as 6/10, and pain in her right hip rated as 8/10. There is visible bruising and swelling at the right elbow.
The right leg appears shorter than the left leg, with external rotation of the leg and inability to move it and bruising and oedema at the site. The LPN/LVN needs to perform a complete musculoskeletal system assessment.
Explain the elements needed in the nursing assessment of Mrs. Rogers' musculoskeletal system.
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In the theory of plate tectonics, how should you picture the earth?
A. The plastic atmosphere floats on the lithosphere.
B. The continents are held in place by the solid core below and never move.
C. The lithosphere (crust) is like pieces of a puzzle, slowly moving causing the continents
to move.
D. The mantle is like pieces of a puzzle, slowly moving.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
As shown in the picture I attached to my answer, we can see all of the tectonic plates, which make up the lithosphere. The pieces do move very slightly every year.
In the theory of plate tectonics, the lithosphere is like pieces of a puzzle, slowly moving causing the continents to move.
What is tectonic plate ?A tectonic plate can be defined as a massive, irregular slab like structure composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.
The size of tectonic plates can vary that ranges from few hundred to thousands, for example the Pacific and Antarctic Plates are among the largest.
The thickness of tectonic plates are varies , ranging from 15 km for young oceanic lithosphere to about 200 km and it is more ancient continental lithosphere.
The Continental crust is made up of granitic rocks relatively lightweight minerals such as quartz and feldspar, the oceanic crust is composed of basaltic rocks which are denser and heavier.
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Sexual reproduction helps to increase ____ . The advantage of asexual reproduction is ____ .
Blank #1 options:
A. The number of offspring
B. Genetic Variation
C. Genetic Mutations
Blank #2 options:
A. There are no genetic mutations
B. Reproduction doesn’t require a mate
C. Increased genetic variation
What would be the effect of a mutation that inactivates neisseria gonorrhoeae's genes for fimbriae?
The effect of a mutation that inactivates Neisseria gonorrhea's genes for fimbriae is antibiotic resistance and decreased ability to infect
Antibiotic resistance arises when bacteria adapt to the usage of these medications. Antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria rather than in people or animals. These bacteria can infect humans and animals, and their infections are more difficult to treat than infections caused by non-resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic usage is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics kill certain germs, but resistant bacteria can live and even reproduce. Antibiotic usage increases the prevalence of resistant bacteria. The more antibiotics we use, the more likely bacteria will develop resistance to them.
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How does your calculated value compare to your measured cell potential for cell 6?
Formula for the Overall Cell Potential is ; E0cell=E0red−E0oxid
E0cell = Measured cell potential
E0red = Sum of the reduction potential ( cathode )
E0oxid = Oxidation potential ( anode )
Calculated value of cell potential can differ from the Measured Cell potential because of the cell impurities, value differences during the calibration of voltage or concentration.
Measured potential of a cell is normally less than the ideal or nominal volts. This is because of the voltage which is specified for the ideal conditions for a new unused cell. The conditions mention temperature, atmospheric pressure, presume sound unaffected condition of electrode plates as also pure electrolytes etc.
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Although glycolysis produces four molecules of atp by substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of atp for the cell is two molecules. This is because?
Although glycolysis produces four molecules of atp by substrate-level phosphorylation, the net gain of atp for the cell is two molecules. This is because glycolysis is at first endergonic.
What is glycolysis?The metabolic process that turns glucose into pyruvic acid is known as glycolysis. The high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide are created using the free energy released during this process. A series of ten enzyme-catalyzed processes make up glycolysis.The process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen throughout the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic creatures experience it.The initial process in breaking down glucose to release energy for cellular metabolism is called glycolysis. An energy-consuming phase and an energy-releasing phase make up glycolysis.
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Flaccid paralysis is caused by a) a endospore forming bacterium b) clostridium botulinum c) clostridium tetani d) a & b e) a & c
Flaccid paralysis is a neurological condition characterized by weakness or paralysis and reduced muscle tone without other obvious cause
Option D. a & b a) endospore forming bacterium b) clostridium botulinum
A common cause of flaccid paralysis is anterior spinal artery syndrome, an occlusion of the anterior spinal artery. Obstruction can be caused by spinal cord trauma, cancer, arterial disease, or thrombosis.
Flaccid paralysis causes muscles to contract and go limp. lead to muscle weakness. Spastic paralysis affects tight, rigid muscles. Muscles may twitch or spasm uncontrollably.
Acute flaccid myelitis can be caused by infection with a type of virus known as an enterovirus. Respiratory illness and fever due to enteroviruses are especially common in children. most people recover.
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The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the?
The arrangement of homeotic genes along chromosomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals corresponds to the expression pattern of the genes along the anterior-posterior axis of the developing embryo.
What are homeotic genes?Homeotic genes are a group of body pattern forming genes which control the development along the anterior- posterior axis of the developing embryo.These encode transcription factors which control and specify the genes involved in body patterning. These provide identity to the segments during embryo formation.Genes located in the 5’ end act on posterior side whereas the genes on 3’ end act on anterior region.Homeotic genes are evolutionary conserved and control body specification, patterning and differentiation.The loss of function of any of the gene changes the body pattern and affects the development.Learn more about homeotic genes here:
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Cody and zach are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?
The twins Cody and Zach share the same genetic makeup. They are monozygotic twins.
How twins are formed?
Twins are two children born from a single pregnancy. Twins may be monozygotic (also known as "identical"), in which case they originate from a single zygote that divides into two eggs, or dizygotic (also known as "separate"), in which case each twin originates from a distinct egg that is fertilized by a different sperm cell.
Identical or monozygotic twins share the same sex since they are created from a single zygote, whereas fraternal twins might or might not. Rarely, twins may have separate dads and the same mother.In contrast, a singleton is a general word for one child of multiple births, while a multiple is used to refer to a fetus that grows alone in the womb, which is the much more usual scenario in humans. Doppelgängers are unrelated lookalikes who resemble twins in both physical and behavioral ways.Learn more about monozygotic twins here:
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When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and:______.
When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and stored fats.
What are proteins?Proteins can simply be defined as those itrogenous organic substances which have large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids
It is one of the major classes of food or source of food energy (4 kcal/gram) abundant in animal-derived foods (ie: meat) and some vegetables, such as legumes.
So therefore, when protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are metabolized and stores as fats
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_____ waves have a long wavelength and do not possess sufficient energy to kill bacterial cells, while _____ waves have a short wavelength and can be used to sterilize a surface
Infrared waves have a long wavelength and do not possess sufficient energy to kill bacterial cells, while UV waves have a short wavelength and can be used to sterilize a surface.
When ultraviolet light, also known as ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, is released at its most effective wavelength of 253.7 nanometers (nm), it has the greatest ability to kill germs and render microbes inert (UVGI). When transmitted at wavelengths different than those recommended, germicidal efficacy declines. To efficiently deliver the appropriate amount of UV radiation for the desired application, high-quality UV sterilization lamps are crucial.By altering cell DNA, UV radiation sterilization efficiently renders bacteria inert. Because DNA is necessary for cell reproduction, damage to the DNA's structural integrity prevents cells from multiplying and causing disease. The cell absorbs the UV rays, resulting in the formation of pyrimidine dimers. Instead of bonding across the double helix, this causes two nearby thymine or cytosine bases to interact with one another.learn more about UV here: https://brainly.com/question/1377878
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If a radioactive isotope undergoes beta decay, the daughter isotope that is produced has an atomic number that:_____.
If a radioactive isotope undergoes beta decay, the daughter isotope that is produced has an atomic number that is increased by one.
Beta decay is the radioactive disintegration results in a change of one positive charge without any change in the mass number of the atomic nuclei.
An unstable nucleus produces an energetic electron and an antineutrino during electron emission, which is also known as negative beta decay, and a neutron inside the nucleus changes into a proton inside the product nucleus. As a result, negative beta decay produces a daughter nucleus whose mass number is the same but whose atomic number is one higher than that of its parent.
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The middle ear communicates with the:_______
a) nasopharynx through the auditory meatus.
b) pharyngotympanic tube auricle.
c) bony labyrinth.
d) membranous labyrinth
The middle ear communicates with the: nasopharynx through the auditory meatus.
Since it creates the most pronounced anatomic opening between the two compartments in both animals and humans, it has long been considered that the round window membrane serves as the main pathway of communication between the middle ear and perilymph.The middle ear interacts with the pharynx, adjusts to changes in pressure outside, and transfers vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.The small passageway, also known as the auditory tube or eustachian tube, that runs from the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Pressure is equalized on both sides of the tympanic membrane via the tube (eardrum). The inner ear membrane in the fenestra ovalis receives sound waves from the incus through the stapes.learn more about middle ear here: https://brainly.com/question/2861613
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Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the external environment by the?
The tube that carries urine from urinary bladder to the outside environment by urethra.
What is the chemical composition of urine?Urine is a fluid released from the kidney to remove waste products of the bloodstream.
Human urine is yellowish in color as various chemical components are present.
The primary components are water which is 91% - 96%, urea, creatinine, uric acid, enzymes, carbohydrates, hormones, fatty acids, pigments, and mucins, and other inorganic ions
The pH ranges from 5.5 to 7 and specific gravity ranges from 1.003 to 1.035.
Hence, urethra is the correct answer
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In general, all croplands tend to reduce the diversity and number of pollinator species. In which areas do croplands lead to the greatest % decline in pollinator species?
1. Near urban areas
2. Near pasture
3. In tropical areas
4. In temperate areas
5. In mountainous areas
It is possible that near urban areas the diversity and number of pollinator species gets reduced. The correct option is 1.
What are pollinators?A pollinator is something that assists in the transport of pollen from either the male part of the flower (stamen) to the female part of a similar or another flower (stigma).
Pollen movement is required for the plant to become fertilized and generate fruits, seeds, and young plants.
Loss of habitat is one of the most serious threats to pollinators.
Expanding urbanization and agricultural development consume these creatures' habitat and replace it with roadways, vast swaths of lawn, and exotic garden plants.
Thus, the correct option is 1.
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Question mode multiple choice question what type of cells does the ground meristem make?
Answer:
Parenchyma Cells, I believe
How does your nervous system affect you?
Nervous system controls our body movements, responses to the environment, thought processes.
What is the role of nervous system?Nervous system plays an important role in all the aspects of our life like body movements, involuntary activities like digestion, emotions, thought.Nervous system commands our entire body to do activities.The nervous system is able to control the body with the help of specialized cells called neurons which send electrical signals all over the body and helps to perform activities, respond to an external stimulus.The nervous system consists of 2 main parts: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).Each of these consists of billions of nerve cells.Diseases, stroke, injury to the brain, aging can affect our nervous system leading to decrease in activity.Learn more about nervous system here:
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Which gland in the endocrine system primarily controls the body's response to a stressful situation? pituitary adrenal thyroid pineal
Answer: There are 2 correct answers for this question: adrenal and pituitary. However, I believe the answer you're looking for is the adrenal gland since it is more directly involved in the production of epinephrine.
Answer:
adrenal
explanation: got it right on edge
The __________ is the visible aspect of characteristics passed from parent to offspring
The traits is the visible aspect of characteristics passed from parent to offspring.
Through the process of heredity, organisms inherit traits from their parents. Traits are the name for these features. Every person is distinct because they each possess a special set of characteristics. Inherited qualities are those that a parent passes on to its offspring during the fertilization process. The way the genetic features are interpreted is what causes the distinction between heredity and inheritance. The term "heredity" refers to the genetic traits that parents pass on to their children; it is frequently referred to as "genetics."Through their genes, parents transmit features or qualities to their offspring, such as eye color and blood type. There are several illnesses and medical disorders that can be genetically handed down. One trait can occasionally take in numerous versions. For instance, blood type can be A, B, AB or O.learn more about traits here: https://brainly.com/question/930507
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The whiplash often accompanying car accidents poses a special danger to the sacral spine.
a. true
b. false
The sacral spine is particularly at risk due to the whiplash that frequently follows vehicle accidents. The following claim is false.
Whiplash injury:
Injuries to the brainstem that do not directly affect the head or neck are also classified as whiplash injuries and are not just limited to neck injuries. The most frequent complaints related to whiplash injuries include cervical discomfort, headaches, and scapulodynia. Dizziness and vertigo are also noted in 27% -52% of the patients. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is utilized in otoneurologic examinations to assess vertebrobasilar hemodynamics in patients who report dizziness and vertigo. According to reports, cervical manipulation causes cerebral and cerebellum ischemia and infarction due to vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency (VBI). Using MRA, doctors investigated the relationship between vertigo or dizziness and the difference between the vertebral arteries on the right and left sides following whiplash injury.Therefore the questioned statement is false.
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The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the: a. gene pool. c. phenotype. b. dna. d. polygene.
The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the: gene pool
All the genes and their many alleles that are present in an interbreeding population make up the gene pool.Gene pool is the total genetic makeup of a population at any particular time. The phrase refers to all genes and gene combinations (the sum of the alleles) present in the population, which is often a group of people belonging to the same species.Through evolution, the gene pool of a population can evolve over time. Numerous processes, such as mutations, natural selection, and genetic drift, can cause this. As a result, the population's gene pool is modified to better suit the requirements of its particular habitat.
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The alternative pathway of complement cascade activation begins with ________ binding to the surface of a microbe. c5b c5a c3b c1 factor b
The correct answer is c3b.
The intrinsic C3 thioester bond of the alternative pathway (AP) is progressively hydrolyzed spontaneously by diverse proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate structures on microbes and other external surfaces [12–14], and this further activates the AP [1, 15]. A blue line pointing to C3 denotes the fluid-phase C3b promoting assembly of AP C3 convertase as the proposed mechanism for the reaction of properdin with a target on the foreign surface [27]. Thick red lines signify amplification mechanisms: Factor H regulates and inhibits the tick-over reaction, a gradual spontaneous activation involving C3(H2O) reacting with factor B. Properdin also promotes self-amplification in the other loop by stabilizing the C3bBb complex.
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put simple a b or c its not that hard
The correct answer choice from the statement above is:
Homeostasis is the the maintenance of a steady internal environment of an organisms.
Option B is the correct answer
What are hormones?Hormones are chemical messengers or substances which are produced by the endocrine glands and released to the sites of action where they are needed.
Below are few examples of some hormones which also help in homeostasis:
AdrenalineAldosteroneAntidiuretic hormoneAdrenocorticotropic hormoneOxytocinInsulinGlucagonTestosteroneOestrogenSo therefore, the correct answer choice from the statement above is:
Homeostasis is the the maintenance of a steady internal environment of an organisms
Complete question:
Which of the following statements best describes homeostasis. Simply put a b or c its not that hard
a. Homeostasis is regulation of external environment
b. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady international environment of an organisms
c. Homeostasis is movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
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Research in neuroeconomics has linked activity in the _____ with a reflexive decision system and activity in the _____ with reflective decision system
Research in neuroeconomics has linked activity in the nucleus accumbens and ventromedial prefrontal cortex with a reflexive decision system and activity in the medial temporal cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex with reflective decision system.
The nucleus accumbens is considered as the neural interface between motivation and action, playing a key role on feeding, sexual, reward, stress-related, drug self-administration behaviors, etc. The nucleus accumbens is made up of an 'electrophysiological coincidence detector' or shell serially connected to a 'motor sequencer' or core, both supporting the role of the nucleus accumbens as a limbic-motor interface.
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is a part of the prefrontal cortex in the mammalian brain. It is an integrative hub for emotional, sensory, social, memory, and self-related information processing. Situated in the medial portion of the prefrontal cortex, the highly interconnected vmPFC serves as a region for binding together the large-scale networks that subserve emotional processing, decision-making, memory, self-perception, and social cognition in general.
The medial temporal lobe includes a system of anatomically related structures that are essential for declarative memory (conscious memory for facts and events). The system consists of the hippocampal region (CA fields, dentate gyrus, and subicular complex) and the adjacent perirhinal, entorhinal, and parahippocampal cortices.
The lateral prefrontal cortex is the cortex of the convexity of the frontal lobe rostral to motor and premotor cortices. Any sizable lesion of that cortex leads to some degree of apathy, a generalized loss of interest and attention on anything coming through the senses or in the mind of the patient.
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