1. A cell must continuously sort useful materials from its waste products and then remove or recycle the waste. One way a cell does this is to first put tiny tags on proteins that are no longer needed. These tags, which are small polypeptide chains 76 amino acids long, are called ubiquitin.

2. Ubiquitin tags direct proteins to compartments of the cell called proteasomes. Within each proteasome, ubiquitin-tagged proteins are deconstructed into their component amino acids. These pieces can be repurposed to build new proteins.

3. Sometimes organs stop processing waste effectively, allowing the waste to pile up and contributing to many diseases. Alzheimer's disease, for example, includes piles of waste proteins in the brain called tangles, while Parkinson's disease involves the accumulation of recyclable material into Lewy bodies. Mallory bodies are piles of waste proteins common in liver disease. These piles, known generically as inclusions, can be identified under the microscope because they are covered in tiny ubiquitin tags.

4. A problem in the breakdown of ubiquitin-tagged proteins may be one cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. In this disease, a protein called ataxin-1 has an abnormal genetic mutation, and ubiquitin is able to attach to the mutant protein. Scientists believe that the mutated protein cannot be chopped up by the proteasome because of its shape, so ubiquitin-tagged ataxin-1 starts to accumulate, which leads to cell death. The cells most affected by this genetic mutation are neurons in a part of the brain associated with motor control and the spinal cord. So, a person with mutant ataxin-1 progressively loses muscle control as these cells die.


Which phrase describes the purpose of ubiguitin

A. to tag waste proteins for recycling in the proteasomes

B. to create small polypeptide chains that are 76 amino acids long

C. to create inclusions that can be identified under the microscope

D. to attach to mutant proteins so that they can accumulate In the cell


If proteins contain mutations, the proteins often do not maintain the proper shape and are unable to perform their functions. Properly functioning proteins are essential to maintaining healthy organisms.

Which statement describes the overall consequence of proteins containing mutations like those described in the passage?

A. Wastes will build up and will be reassembled to build new proteins.

B. Wastes will build up, and Mallory bodies will accumulate in the liver.

C. Wastes will build up in cells and will eventually be excreted from each cell.

D. Wastes will build up in vital organs, and the organism will experience disease.


Why do individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia experience loss of muscle control, even though the ataxin-1 protein builds up only In the brain and spinal cord?

A. Inclusions can build up in all body systems and can cause debilitating effects.

B. Genetic mutations in the ataxin-1 protein cause muscular proteins to change shape.

C. When the ubiquitin tagging system does not work effectively, cellular waste can build up in the muscles.

D. The neurons affected by the ataxin-1 protein buildup are in a region of the brain that manages muscle control.

The new temperature of the gas in Kelvin, given the data from the question is 273 °C

From the question given above, the following data were obtained:

The new temperature of the gas can be obtained by using the Charles' law equation as illustrated below:

V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂

100 / 273 = 200 / T₂

Cross multiply

100 × T₂ = 273 × 200

Divide both side by 100

T₂ = (273 × 200) / 100

T₂ = 546 K

Subtract 273 to obtain answer in °C

T₂ = 546 – 273 K

T₂ = 273 °C

Thus, new temperature of the gas is 273 °C

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It follows that the reaction is spontaneous at high temperatures Option A.

The term ΔS is referred to as the change in the entropy of the system. Now recall that entropy is defined as the degree of disorderliness in a system. If a system is highly disorderly then it means that it has a high entropy. Also, ΔH has to do with the heat change that accompanies a reaction.

We know that both the entropy and the heat change can both either be positive or negative. Now we know that the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS can be used to ascertain whether or not a reaction will be spontaneous. If the result is negative, then the reaction will be spontaneous.

As such, when then it follows that the reaction is spontaneous at high temperatures Option A.

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Answer:

14 L

Explanation:

To find the volume, you need to (1) convert grams to moles (via molar mass) and then (2) calculate the volume (via molarity equation). The final answer should have 2 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given values.

(Step 1)

Molar Mass (NH₄NO₃): 80.043 g/mol

 25 grams NH₄NO₃                 1 mole
-------------------------------  x  -------------------------  =  0.312 moles NH₄NO₃
                                           80.043 grams

(Step 2)

Molarity = moles / volume

0.023 M = 0.312 moles / volume                <----- Insert values

(0.023 M) x volume = 0.312 moles             <----- Multiply both sides by volume

volume = 14 L                                               <----- Divide both sides by 0.023

Volume, in liters, of 0.023 M NH₄NO₃ solution can be made using 25 g NH₄NO₃ are 13.47L.

Molarity of a given solution is known as the total number of moles of solute per litre of the solution.  A solution that is 1.00 molar (written 1.00 M) contains 1.00 mole of solute for every liter of solution.

Molarity = (No. of moles of solute ÷ Volume of solution in liters)

The unit of molarity is mol L⁻¹.

Molarity is temperature dependent because as temperature changes, volume of the solution also changes.

No. of moles of solute = Mass / Molar mass

No. of moles of solute = 0.31

Hence,

Volume of solution in liters = No. of moles of solute ÷ molarity

= 13.47 litres

Therefore, Volume, in liters, of 0.023 M NH₄NO₃ solution can be made using 25 g NH₄NO₃ are 13.47L.

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Answer:

Explanation:

34.1 / 47.2 x 100%   =   0.07%

The percent yield (% yield) of Fe in a reaction with CO if the theoretical yield in the experiment is calculated to be 47.2 g Fe is 72.25%.

The percent yield is the percent ratio of the weight of the product obtained to the theoretical yield.

The percent yield can be calculated by dividing the experimental yield by the theoretical yield and multiplying the result by 100 then express the final answer in %.

According to this question, the experimental yield is 34.1g and the theoretical yield is 47.2g. The percent yield can be calculated as follows:

Percent yield = 34.1/47.2 × 100

Percent yield = 72.25%

Therefore, the percent yield (% yield) of Fe in a reaction with CO if the theoretical yield in the experiment is calculated to be 47.2 g Fe is 72.25%.

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Answer:

See below

Explanation:

From the graph: initial temp = -10 ° C

    melting occurs at 0 ° C   (constant temp process)

     at '2'   the ice is melting.....going from a solid to a liquid at a constant temperature  

From the forgoing, we can conclude that the the correct statements are;

The redox reaction is one in which one specie is oxidized and the other is reduced. We can obtain the equilibrium constant from the relation;

E°cell = 0.0592/n log K

E°cell = cell potential

n = number of electrons

K = equilibrium constant

E°cell = -0.403 - 0.535 = -0.938 V

n = 2 electrons

Thus;

-0.938 =  0.0592/2 logK

-0.938 * 2/ 0.0592 = log K

K = 2 * 10^-31

Also;

ΔG = - nFE°cell

ΔG = - (2 * 96500 *  -0.938)

ΔG = 181kJ/mol

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This is an exercise in the general or combined gas law.

To start solving this exercise, we obtain the following data:

We use the following formula:

P₁V₁T₂ = P₂V₂T₁ ⇒ General formula

Where

We clear the formula for the initial volume:

[tex]\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=\dfrac{P_{2}V_{2}T_{1}}{P_{1}T_{2}} } }[/tex]

We substitute our data into the formula to solve:

[tex]\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=\dfrac{(3.69 \not{atm})(56.4 \ ml)(295.5 \not{k})}{(1.95 \not{atm})(284.9\not{k})} }}[/tex]

[tex]\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=\dfrac{61498.278}{555.555} \ lm }}[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{\boldsymbol{\sf{V_{1}=110.697 \ lm }}}[/tex]

The helium-filled balloon has a volume of 110.697 ml.

Answer:

111  ml

Explanation:

Use the general rule for gases:

P1 V1 / T1    =   P2 V2 / T2      Looking for V1     T must be in Kelvin

re-arrange to :

V1 =   P2 V 2  * T1 / (T2 * P1)      <==== now sub in the values

V1 = 3.69 * 56.4 * (22.5 + 273.15) / [(11.9 + 273.15) * 1.95]

V1 = 110.6949 ml

    for correctness, the answer should only have THREE significant digits as all of the factors have three SD

V1 = 111 ml

Answer:

7.5 x 10 ^-11

Explanation:

6/8 = .75

10^2 / 10^12   = 10^ (2-12) = 10^(-10)

so far    .75  x 10^-10  

    which is   7.5 x 10^-11

Taking into account the definition of dilution, moles of solute (option C) is the only thing about the solution that does NOT change.

When it is desired to prepare a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one, it is called dilution.

Dilution is the process of reducing the concentration of solute in solution, which is accomplished by simply adding more solvent to the solution at the same amount of solute.

In a dilution the amount of solute does not change, but as more solvent is added, the concentration of the solute decreases, as the volume (and weight) of the solution increases.

A dilution is mathematically expressed as:

Ci×Vi = Cf×Vf

where

In summary, moles of solute (option C) is the only thing about the solution that does NOT change.

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The inorganic substance that has a melting point of -101°C and a boiling point of -35°C is chlorine (option A).

Melting point is the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium.

On the other hand, the boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid boils, with the vapor pressure equal to the given external pressure.

Chemical elements and compounds have specific boiling and melting points that distinguishes them chemically.

The following are the melting and boiling point of the given compound and elements respectively;

Therefore, the inorganic substance that has a melting point of -101°C and a boiling point of -35°C is chlorine.

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H₂O would be the limiting reactant.

Balanced chemical equation:

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light equation → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

The amount of product that can be created is constrained by the reactant that is consumed first in a chemical reaction, commonly referred to as the limiting reactant (or limiting reagent).

Given

No. of moles of CO₂ = 18.6

Mass of H₂O = 2.38 × 10² g = 238g

No. of moles of H₂O = Given mass/ Molar mass

                                = 238 / 18 = 13.22 moles

Moles of H₂O = 13.22

According to the balanced chemical equation

6 moles of CO₂ react with 6 moles of H₂O

So the reactant that has less number of moles will be consumed first.

As the No. of moles of H₂O < No. of moles of CO₂

So, H₂O is the limiting reactant with 13.22 moles.

Hence, H₂O would be the limiting reactant.

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Answer:

1187   ( four   S.D. )

Explanation:

(433.621 - 333.9) × 11.900         333.9 has only 4 S.D.      answer should only have 4 S.D

= 1186.6799 = ~  1187     with 4 Significant Digits

Sorry for the sloppy writing I tried my best.

If you can't read the words in my photo it says

Evaporation

condensation precipitation and runoff

definition of these words

evaporation: The process of turning liquid into vapor

Condensation:water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with

Precipitation: the action or process of precipitating a substance from a solution

runoff: liquid, especially water or rainwater, that flows off or drains away

I hope this is helpful

Sincerely- Your Brainly Bestfriend

The answer is [OH⁻] = 1 x 10⁻⁸.

To find OH⁻, divide the ionic product of water by [H₃O⁺] as :

OH⁻ + H₃O⁺ = H₂O

Answer:

H3PO4 is stronger than H2PO4- because

H3PO4 dissociation constant is 6.9×10^-3

H2PO4^- dissociation constant is 6.2×10^-8

Answer:

4.0  x 10^-6 moles

Explanation:

0.0040 M Ba(OH)2      means there is .0040 moles per liter

    you want 1 ml which is 1/1000 liter so you get 1/1000 of the moles

= .0000040 moles

Let's see what I can come up with here. So chloroplasts are made up of several separate sections. They have the stroma (the liquid in which everything is contained) and the grana (plural of granum and is a stack of thylakoids). Chlorophyll is found in thylakoids.

The chlorophyll absorbs light (not green light since that is what is reflected to our eyes). Light energy is utilized to split water into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen gas. With these ions and electrons, the electron transport chain, with the assistance of enzymes, produces ATP and NADPH. In all living cells, ATP is the primary source of energy. Because light is required to split water, this step of photosynthesis is known as the "light reaction."

The ATP and NADPH are transported into the stroma, where the "dark reaction" can take place. And, despite the name, it does not occur at night since our energy source does not store well. You've probably heard of the Calvin Cycle. The Calvin Cycle basically uses water, CO2, and the energy from earlier to generate carbohydrates, which are then stored in various ways. Glucose is the most well-known monosaccharide, although there are others, as well as countless polysaccharides such as cellulose and starch.

Thank you,

Eddie